<p>The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world&#39;s five major oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization  recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying it a mediterranean sea or an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean. Alternatively, the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing World Ocean.</p><br>
<p>Located mostly in the Arctic north polar region in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere, the Arctic Ocean is almost completely surrounded by Eurasia and North America. It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter. The Arctic Ocean&#39;s surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. The US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For much of European history, the north polar regions remained largely unexplored and their geography conjectural. Pytheas of Massilia recorded an account of a journey northward in 325 BC, to a land he called "Eschate Thule", where the Sun only set for three hours each day and the water was replaced by a congealed substance "on which one can neither walk nor sail". He was probably describing loose sea ice known today as "growlers" or "bergy bits&quot his "Thule" was probably Norway, though the Faroe Islands or Shetland have also been suggested.</p><br>
<p>Early cartographers were unsure whether to draw the region around the North Pole as land (as in Johannes Ruyschs map of 1507, or Gerardus Mercators map of 1595) or water (as with Martin Waldseemüller&#39;s world map of 1507). The fervent desire of European merchants for a northern passage, the Northern Sea Route or the Northwest Passage, to "Cathay" (China) caused water to win out, and by 1723 mapmakers such as Johann Homann featured an extensive "Oceanus Septentrionalis" at the northern edge of their charts.</p><br>
<p>The few expeditions to penetrate much beyond the Arctic Circle in this era added only small islands, such as Novaya Zemlya (11th century) and Spitzbergen (1596), though since these were often surrounded by pack-ice, their northern limits were not so clear. The makers of navigational charts, more conservative than some of the more fanciful cartographers, tended to leave the region blank, with only fragments of known coastline sketched in.</p><br>
<p>This lack of knowledge of what lay north of the shifting barrier of ice gave rise to a number of conjectures. In England and other European nations, the myth of an "Open Polar Sea" was persistent. John Barrow, longtime Second Secretary of the British Admiralty, promoted exploration of the region from 1818 to 1845 in search of this.</p><br>
<p>In the United States in the 1850s and 1860s, the explorers Elisha Kane and Isaac Israel Hayes both claimed to have seen part of this elusive body of water. Even quite late in the century, the eminent authority Matthew Fontaine Maury included a description of the Open Polar Sea in his textbook The Physical Geography of the Sea (1883). Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.</p><br>
<p>Fridtjof Nansen was the first to make a nautical crossing of the Arctic Ocean, in 1896. The first surface crossing of the ocean was led by Wally Herbert in 1969, in a dog sled expedition from Alaska to Svalbard, with air support. The first nautical transit of the north pole was made in 1958 by the submarine USS Nautilus, and the first surface nautical transit occurred in 1977 by the icebreaker NS Arktika.</p><br>
<p>Since 1937, Soviet and Russian manned drifting ice stations have extensively monitored the Arctic Ocean. Scientific settlements were established on the drift ice and carried thousands of kilometres by ice floes.</p><br>
<p>In World War II, the European region of the Arctic Ocean was heavily contested: the Allied commitment to resupply the Soviet Union via its northern ports was opposed by German naval and air forces.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Arctic Ocean occupies a roughly circular basin and covers an area of about 14,056,000 km&sup2, almost the size of Antarctica. The coastline is 45,390 km long. It is surrounded by the land masses of Eurasia, North America, Greenland, and by several islands.</p><br>
<p>It is generally taken to include Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, White Sea and other tributary bodies of water. It is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Bering Strait and to the Atlantic Ocean through the Greenland Sea and Labrador Sea.</p><br>
<p>Countries bordering the Arctic Ocean are: Russia, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Canada and the United States.</p><br>
<h3>Extent and major ports</h3><br>
<p>There are several ports and harbours around the Arctic Ocean</p><br>
<h4>United States</h4><br>
<p>In Alaska, the main ports are Barrow (71&deg;17&prime;44&Prime;N latitude, 156&deg;45&prime;59&Prime;W longitude) and Prudhoe Bay (70&deg;19&prime;32&Prime;N latitude, 148&deg;42&prime;41&Prime;W longitude).</p><br>
<h4>Canada</h4><br>
<p>In Canada, ships may anchor at Churchill (Port of Churchill) (58&deg;46&prime;28&Prime;N latitude, 094&deg;11&prime;37&Prime;W longitude) in Manitoba, Nanisivik (Nanisivik Naval Facility) (73&deg;04&prime;08&Prime;N latitude, 084&deg;32&prime;57&Prime;W longitude) in Nunavut, Tuktoyaktuk (69&deg;26&prime;34&Prime;N latitude, 133&deg;01&prime;52&Prime;W longitude) or Inuvik (68&deg;21&prime;42&Prime;N latitude, 133&deg;43&prime;50&Prime;W longitude) in the Northwest territories.</p><br>
<h4>Greenland</h4><br>
<p>In Greenland, the main port is at Nuuk (Nuuk Port and Harbour) (64&deg;10&prime;15&Prime;N latitude, 051&deg;43&prime;15&Prime;W longitude).</p><br>
<h4>Norway</h4><br>
<p>In Norway, Kirkenes (69&deg;43&prime;37&Prime;N latitude, 030&deg;02&prime;44&Prime;E longitude) and Vardø (70&deg;22&prime;14&Prime;N latitude, 031&deg;06&prime;27&Prime;E longitude) are ports on the mainland. Also, there is Longyearbyen (78&deg;13&prime;12&Prime;N latitude, 15&deg;39&prime;00&Prime;E longitude) on Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago, next to Fram Strait.</p><br>
<h4>Russia</h4><br>
<p>In Russia, major ports sorted by the different sea areas are:</p><br>
<p>Murmansk (68&deg;58&prime;N latitude, 033&deg;05&prime;E longitude) in the Barents Sea</p><br>
<p>Arkhangelsk (64&deg;32&prime;N latitude, 040&deg;32&prime;E longitude) in the White Sea</p><br>
<p>Labytnangi (66&deg;39&prime;26&Prime;N latitude, 066&deg;25&prime;06&Prime;E longitude) Salekhard (66&deg;32&prime;N latitude, 066&deg;36&prime;E longitude), Dudinka (69&deg;24&prime;N latitude, 086&deg;11&prime;E longitude), Igarka (67&deg;28&prime;N latitude, 86&deg;35&prime;E longitude) and Dikson (73&deg;30&prime;N latitude, 080&deg;31&prime;E longitude) in the Kara Sea</p><br>
<p>Tiksi (71&deg;38&prime;N latitude, 128&deg;52&prime;E longitude) in the Laptev Sea</p><br>
<p>Pevek (69&deg;42&prime;N latitude, 170&deg;17&prime;E longitude) in the East Siberian Sea</p><br>
<h3>Arctic shelves</h3><br>
<p>The ocean&#39;s Arctic shelf comprises a number of continental shelves, including the Canadian Arctic shelf, underlying the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and the Russian continental shelf, which is sometimes simply called the "Arctic Shelf" because it is greater in extent. The Russian continental shelf consists of three separate, smaller shelves, the Barents Shelf, Chukchi Sea Shelf and Siberian Shelf. Of these three, the Siberian Shelf is the largest such shelf in the world. The Siberian Shelf holds large oil and gas reserves, and the Chukchi shelf forms the border between Russian and the United States as stated in the USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement. The whole area is subject to international territorial claims.</p><br>
<h3>Underwater features</h3><br>
<p>An underwater ridge, the Lomonosov Ridge, divides the deep sea North Polar Basin into two oceanic basins: the Eurasian Basin, which is between 4,000 and deep, and the Amerasian Basin (sometimes called the North American, or Hyperborean Basin), which is about 4,000 m deep. The bathymetry of the ocean bottom is marked by fault block ridges, abyssal plains, ocean deeps, and basins. The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is 1,038 m. The deepest point is Litke Deep in the Eurasian Basin, at 5,450 m.</p><br>
<p>The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the Canada Basin (between Alaska/Canada and the Alpha Ridge), Makarov Basin (between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), Amundsen Basin (between Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges), and Nansen Basin (between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the Franz Josef Land).</p><br>
<h2>Oceanography</h2><br>
<h3>Water flow</h3><br>
<p>In large parts of the Arctic Ocean, the top layer (about 50 m) is of lower salinity and lower temperature than the rest. It remains relatively stable, because the salinity effect on density is bigger than the temperature effect. It is fed by the freshwater input of the big Siberian and Canadian streams (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Mackenzie), the water of which quasi floats on the saltier, denser, deeper ocean water. Between this lower salinity layer and the bulk of the ocean lies the so-called halocline, in which both salinity and temperature are rising with increasing depth.</p><br>
<p>Because of its relative isolation from other oceans, the Arctic Ocean has a uniquely complex system of water flow. It is classified as a mediterranean sea, which as “a part of the world ocean which has only limited communication with the major ocean basins (these being the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans) and where the circulation is dominated by thermohaline forcing”. The Arctic Ocean has a total volume of 18.07×10 km, equal to about 1.3% of the World Ocean. Mean surface circulation is predominately cyclonic on the Eurasian side and anticyclonic in the Canadian Basin.</p><br>
<p>Water enters from both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and can be divided into three unique water masses. The deepest water mass is called Arctic Bottom Water and begins around 900 m depth. During the winter, cold Alaskan winds blow over the Chukchi Sea, freezing the surface water and pushing this newly formed ice out to the Pacific. The speed of the ice drift is roughly 1–4 cm/s.</p><br>
<p>This water is met by Greenland Sea Deep Water, which forms during the passage of winter storms. As temperatures cool dramatically in the winter, ice forms and intense vertical convection allows the water to become dense enough to sink below the warm saline water below. Arctic Bottom Water is critically important because of its outflow, which contributes to the formation of Atlantic Deep Water. The overturning of this water plays a key role in global circulation and the moderation of climate.</p><br>
<p>In the depth range of 150 - is a water mass referred to as Atlantic Water. Inflow from the North Atlantic Current enters through the Fram Strait, cooling and sinking to form the deepest layer of the halocline, where it circles the Arctic Basin counter-clockwise. This is the highest volumetric inflow to the Arctic Ocean, equalling about 10 times that of the Pacific inflow, and it creates the Arctic Ocean Boundary Current. It flows slowly, at about 0.02 m/s. Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C). In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density. When water reaches the basin it is pushed by strong winds into a large circular current called the Beaufort Gyre. Water in the Beaufort Gyre is far less saline than that of the Chukchi Sea due to inflow from large Canadian and Siberian rivers.</p><br>
<p>The final defined water mass in the Arctic Ocean is called Arctic Surface Water and is found from 150 -. The most important feature of this water mass is a section referred to as the sub-surface layer. It is a product of Atlantic water that enters through canyons and is subjected to intense mixing on the Siberian Shelf. As it is entrained, it cools and acts a heat shield for the surface layer. This insulation keeps the warm Atlantic Water from melting the surface ice. Additionally, this water forms the swiftest currents of the Arctic, with speed of around 0.3-0.6 m/s. Complementing the water from the canyons, some Pacific water that does not sink to the shelf region after passing through the Bering Strait also contributes to this water mass.</p><br>
<p>Waters originating in the Pacific and Atlantic both exit through the Fram Strait between Greenland and Svalbard Island, which is about 2,700 m deep and 350 km wide. This outflow is about 9 Sv. The width of the Fram Strait is what allows for both inflow and outflow on the Atlantic side of the Arctic Ocean. Because of this, it is influenced by the Coriolis force, which concentrates outflow to the East Greenland Current on the western side and inflow to the Norwegian Current on the eastern side. Pacific water also exits along the west coast of Greenland and the Hudson Strait (1-2 Sv), providing nutrients to the Canadian Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>As noted, the process of ice formation and movement is a key driver in Arctic Ocean circulation and the formation of water masses. With this dependence, the Arctic Ocean experiences variations due to seasonal changes in sea ice cover. Sea ice movement is the result of wind forcing, which is related to a number of meteorological conditions that the Arctic experiences throughout the year. For example, the Beaufort High—an extension of the Siberian High system—is a pressure system that drives the anticyclonic motion of the Beaufort Gyre. During the summer, this area of high pressure is pushed out closer to its Siberian and Canadian sides. In addition, there is a sea level pressure (SLP) ridge over Greenland that drives strong northerly winds through the Fram Strait, facilitating ice export. In the summer, the SLP contrast is smaller, producing weaker winds. A final example of seasonal pressure system movement is the low pressure system that exists over the Nordic and Barents Seas. It is an extension of the Icelandic Low, which creates cyclonic ocean circulation in this area. The low shifts to centre over the North Pole in the summer. These variations in the Arctic all contribute to ice drift reaching its weakest point during the summer months. There is also evidence that the drift is associated with the phase of the Arctic Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.</p><br>
<h3>Sea ice</h3><br>
<p>Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally. The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km&sup2; at a rate of 3% per decade. The seasonal variations are about 7,000,000 km&sup2; with the maximum in April and minimum in September. The sea ice is affected by wind and ocean currents, which can move and rotate very large areas of ice. Zones of compression also arise, where the ice piles up to form pack ice.</p><br>
<p>Icebergs occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island, and icebergs are formed from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada. These icebergs pose a hazard to ships, of which the Titanic is one of the most famous. Permafrost is found on most islands. The ocean is virtually icelocked from October to June, and the superstructure of ships are subject to icing from October to May. Before the advent of modern icebreakers, ships sailing the Arctic Ocean risked being trapped or crushed by sea ice (although the Baychimo drifted through the Arctic Ocean untended for decades despite these hazards).</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Under the influence of the Quaternary glaciation, the Arctic Ocean is contained in a polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges. Winters are characterized by the polar night, extreme cold, frequent low-level temperature inversions, and stable weather conditions. Cyclones are only common on the Atlantic side. Summers are characterized by continuous daylight (midnight sun), and temperatures can rise above the melting point (0 &deg;C. Cyclones are more frequent in summer and may bring rain or snow. It is cloudy year-round, with mean cloud cover ranging from 60% in winter to over 80% in summer.</p><br>
<p>The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater. Because the Arctic Ocean consists of saltwater, the temperature must reach −1.8 &deg;C before freezing occurs.</p><br>
<p>The density of sea water, in contrast to fresh water, increases as it nears the freezing point and thus it tends to sink. It is generally necessary that the upper 100 – of ocean water cools to the freezing point for sea ice to form. In the winter the relatively warm ocean water exerts a moderating influence, even when covered by ice. This is one reason why the Arctic does not experience the extreme temperatures seen on the Antarctic continent.</p><br>
<p>There is considerable seasonal variation in how much pack ice of the Arctic ice pack covers the Arctic Ocean. Much of the Arctic ice pack is also covered in snow for about 10 months of the year. The maximum snow cover is in March or April — about 20 to 50 cm over the frozen ocean.</p><br>
<p>The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past. As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10 -. The surface waters of the northernmost Arctic Ocean warmed, seasonally at least, enough to support tropical lifeforms requiring surface temperatures of over 22 &deg;C.</p><br>
<h2>Animal and plant life</h2><br>
<p>Endangered marine species in the Arctic Ocean include walruses and whales. The area has a fragile ecosystem which is slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage. Lion&#39;s mane jellyfish are abundant in the waters of the Arctic, and the banded gunnel is the only species of gunnel that lives in the ocean.</p><br>
<p>The Arctic Ocean has relatively little plant life except for phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are a crucial part of the ocean and there are massive amounts of them in the Arctic, where they feed on nutrients from rivers and the currents of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. During summer, the sun is out day and night, thus enabling the phytoplankton to photosynthesize for long periods of time and reproduce quickly. However, the reverse is true in winter when they struggle to get enough light to survive.</p><br>
<h2>Natural resources</h2><br>
<p>Petroleum and natural gas fields, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, fish, seals and whales can all be found in abundance in the region.</p><br>
<p>The political dead zone near the centre of the sea is also the focus of a mounting dispute between the United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, and Denmark. It is significant for the global energy market because it may hold 25% or more of the world&#39;s undiscovered oil and gas resources.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental concerns</h2><br>
<h3>Arctic ice melting</h3><br>
<p>The Arctic ice pack is thinning, and in many years there is also a seasonal hole in the ozone layer.</p><br>
<p>Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet&#39;s average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism. Research shows that the Arctic may become ice free for the first time in human history within a few years or by 2040. Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as few as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period.</p><br>
<p>Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global ocean current patterns. Potentially severe changes in the Earth&#39;s climate might then ensue.</p><br>
<p>As the extent of sea ice diminishes and sea level rises, the effect of storms such as the Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012 on open water increases, as does possible salt-water damage to vegetation on shore at locations such as the Mackenzie&#39;s river delta as stronger storm surges become more likely.</p><br>
<h3>Clathrate breakdown</h3><br>
<p>Sea ice, and the cold conditions it sustains, serves to stabilise methane deposits on and near the shoreline, preventing the clathrate breaking down and outgassing methane into the atmosphere, causing further warming. Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and; marine genus and species to become extinct.</p><br>
<h3>Other concerns</h3><br>
<p>Other environmental concerns relate to the radioactive contamination of the Arctic Ocean from, for example, Russian radioactive waste dump sites in the Kara Sea and Cold War nuclear test sites such as Novaya Zemlya. In addition, Shell planned to drill exploratory wells in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas during the summer of 2012, which environmental groups filed a lawsuit about in an attempt to protect native communities, endangered wildlife, and the Arctic Ocean in the event of a major oil spill.</p><br>
<p>On July 16, 2015, five nations (United States of America, Russia, Canada, Norway, Denmark/Greenland) signed a declaration committing to keep their fishing vessels out of a 1.1 million square mile zone in the central Arctic Ocean near the North Pole. The agreement calls for those nations to refrain from fishing there until there is better scientific knowledge about the marine resources and until a regulatory system is in place to protect those resources.</p><br>
<p>The Randolph Street Commercial Buildings Historic District is a historic district located in Downtown Detroit, Michigan, which includes six buildings along Randolph Street between Monroe and Macomb streets . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The Randolph Street Commercial Building Historic District joins the Broadway Avenue Historic District downtown.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Buildings along this section of Randolph Street have been used for retail since the area was first built up in the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>As the city grew, larger commercial buildings were required and the other structures on Randolph were constructed. The area remained a shopping district into the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the street-level facades of the buildings in the district were altered numerous times, two structures had new top stories added, and a cornice removal program in the 1950s resulted in the loss of all the fine bracketed entablatures. However, the buildings still have their Victorian brickwork and metal window hoods.</p><br>
<p>Since construction of the buildings, structures in the district have housed numerous commercial enterprises, ranging from legal offices, to tailors to sculptors. In the early 1900s, the district was home primarily to dry goods and clothing establishments.</p><br>
<p>The Tüttensee  is a small lake in the Bavarian Alpine foothills of the Traunstein district, within the municipalities of Grabenstätt and Vachendorf. With an area of 10.8 ha  and a maximum depth of 17.3 m it is one of many Kettle-Lakes in the alpine foothills, that resulted from remnants of dead-ice after a glacier retreated.</p><br>
<p>The lake is partly surrounded by well preserved Kame terraces and drains to the north west into the tiny Marwanger Creek to the Chiemsee. At the southern lake shore is a small public beach with an Inn and further amenities.</p><br>
<p>Recent geological and biological research showed that the Tüttensee has an undisturbed profile of peat bog since the Würm glaciation and over more than 12.500 years since.</p><br>
<p>The recent dating of the undisturbed peak horizons refuted claims by amateur geologists, that the Tüttensee was the result of a hypothetical meteor impact within the last 4000 years.</p><br>
<p>Mount Maru is a lava dome located in the Nipesotsu-Maruyama Volcanic Group of the Ishikari Mountains, Hokkaidō, Japan. Mount Maru is also known as Higashi-Tokachi-Maruyama or Higashi-Taisetsu-Maruyama to distinguish it from other mountains with the same name. Only in 1989 did scientists discover that Mount Maru is a quaternary volcano. The mountain sits on the border between the towns of Kamishihoro and Shintoku.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The western flank of the mountain shows accretionary complex from the late Eocene to the early Miocene. The eastern flank shows non-alkaline mafic volcanic rock from the early to middle Miocene. The mountain is topped with non-alkaline mafic rock from the middle Pleistocene.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Other than fumaroles, the last eruption of Mount Maru, according to historical records, was from approximately December 3, 1898 to December 6. Before that the last eruption was approximately 1700 BC.</p><br>
<p>Kamfers Dam is a privately owned permanent water body of 400 ha, situated to the immediate north of Kimberley, South Africa. The wetland was originally an ephemeral pan, often dry and dependent on rain water. In recent times its water level rose as it received constant runoff and treated water from the growing city of Kimberley.</p><br>
<p>The dam has become a major breeding site for lesser flamingos since construction of an artificial island. The dam and surrounding 380ha wetland area are designated as a conservation zone in the city&#39;s draft spatial development plan. As of 2008 though, pollution and rezoning of nearby land for the proposed Northgate development became a contentious issue, with conservationists raising alarm.</p><br>
<h2>Lesser flamingos</h2><br>
<p>The dam harbours high concentrations of blue-green algae (Spirulina spp) and diatoms (Cyclotella spp.), the main food sources for its plentiful lesser flamingos. The dam typically supports 20,000 lesser flamingos, but occasionally over 50,000 lesser flamingos are present, a large proportion of the subregion&#39;s total population.</p><br>
<h3>Construction of island</h3><br>
<p>The dam has become an important breeding site for lesser flamingos since an artificial S-shaped breeding island was constructed in September 2006. Ornithologist Mark D. Anderson enlisted the help of a local company Ekapa Mining, who moved 26,000 tons of material to create the island. All was delivered along a narrow 200m causeway, and deposited in an S-shape to create two bays.</p><br>
<p>A submerged pump driven by solar panels delivers water to four ponds where the flamingos can collect clay to build the nest turrets. A thousand artificial nest turrets were constructed in the hope that flamingos would settle on the island, and within weeks some 10,000 birds arrived. These birds departed for winter but a larger flock of some 20,000 returned in September 2007 and commenced breeding over the midsummer months, ignoring the man-made turrets and building their own.</p><br>
<h3>Conservation value</h3><br>
<p>In the summer season of 2007/8 almost two thousand pairs of lesser flamingo bred on the island, producing an estimated 9,000 chicks. The breeding success is expected to reverse the recent negative population trend in the southern population. This breeding colony became the first for the species in South Africa, the fourth in Africa and one of 6 in the world.</p><br>
<p>The new breeding site is considered to be of special importance as the most important Lake Natron is threatened by proposed soda ash mining, while Etosha Pan is only productive once every 9 years. The island also offers unusual insight into flamingo biology since typical breeding sites are much less accessible. Webcams are to be installed when the flamingos vacate the island, to facilitate observations and to increase public awareness.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation controversies</h2><br>
<p>As of 2008 conservationists are at odds with city officials and developers due to pollution and plans for nearby residential and business development. Conservationists appealed to the public to oppose the developers and proposed a solution the pollution problem.</p><br>
<h3>Pollution</h3><br>
<p>Severe algal bloom was noticed in the dam during February 2008, raising fears of an outbreak of toxic Microcystis algae. Observed abnormalities in some birds were ascribed to the poor water quality. In June 2008 it was found that the sewage plant of the Homevale municipal works was ineffective and leaking sewage into the dam, in contravention of South African water legislation. City conservationists and engineers proposed a solution, solicited help from the public and raised general awareness. Discussions with the Sol Plaatje Local Municipality were deadlocked on the issue.</p><br>
<h3>Northgate development</h3><br>
<p>A contentious rezoning of adjacent land, predicted to increase pollution and disturbance, was once again opposed by conservationists and the like-minded public. The proposed developments along the shore of the dam would include both residential and business properties.</p><br>
<p>The controversy escalated in August 2008 when the city of Kimberley suspended three officials of the Northern Cape department of conservation and tourism, pending disciplinary hearings. By doing so the city also effectively sidelined these officials from discussions about the Northgate development&#39;s EIA.</p><br>
<h2>History note</h2><br>
<p>During the Siege of Kimberley, Kamfers Dam was the scene of a skirmish on December 9, 1899. Subsequently a large Boer cannon was stationed at Kamfers Dam which started firing 96 lb. shells at the town on February 7, 1900. A number of cavalry sorties were made from Kimberley in attempts to capture it. The heavy gun and its crew however evaded capture after the relief of the siege, when its retreat was covered by Boer defensive positions at Dronfield.</p><br>
<p>The Old Warner Brothers Studio, officially called today Sunset Bronson Studios , is a motion picture, radio and television production facility located on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California. The studio was the site where the first talking feature film, The Jazz Singer was filmed in 1927.</p><br>
<p>Originally built in 1919, the main building fronting Sunset Boulevard was the site of a bowling alley during the 1940s and 50s. In the mid-1950s, the studio lot was divided in two, between KTLA television and Paramount Pictures. In 1963, the entire lot was taken over by new owner Gene Autry (as KTLA Studios) and became the home of KTLA Television: Golden West Broadcasters. In 1984, the lot was purchased by Tribune Company (as Tribune Studios), before finally coming under the ownership of Hudson Capital as Sunset Bronson Studios.</p><br>
<p>Due to its role in the history of the motion picture business, the site was designated as a Historic Cultural Landmark in LAHCM 1977. The distinctive Executive Office Building, part of Warner Brothers original studio lot, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Warner Bros. Studio</h3><br>
<p>The studio facilities at 5800 Sunset Boulevard were first built in 1919. In the early 1920s, the facilities were acquired by Warner Bros. and served as the companys executive offices and principal studios during the 1920s. In 1923, the Western Motion Picture Advertisers Association held its "WAMPAS Frolic" at "the new Warner Brothers&#39; studio on Sunset Boulevard" with "a great aggregation of film luminaries present." At the time, the studio was 350 ft long and 200 ft wide, "making it the largest covered-over stage in the world."</p><br>
<p>The site has been recognized as a historic site in large part due to its having been the location where the first talking feature-length motion picture, The Jazz Singer was filmed in 1927. It was also the studio for radio station KFWB in its early years as Warner Bros.&#39; Los Angeles radio station.</p><br>
<p>In 1930, Warner Bros. announced the consolidation of its executive offices with those of First National Pictures, with the executive offices being moved from the Sunset Boulevard studio to the First National Studios in Burbank, California. Warner also began moving its filming to the Burbank studios in 1930 and 1931, though the Sunset Boulevard studios remained in active use during the 1930s both for motion picture filming and "phonograph recordings." Even after the move to Burbank, Warner continued to film motion pictures at its Sunset Boulevard studios in the 1930s. Warner&#39;s classic Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons were also produced at the Sunset studio facilities, from 1933 to 1955. In 1933, the Los Angeles Times reported that Warner Bros., "contrary to the popular view, is keeping its Sunset Boulevard studio in active use, with a company or two shooting there each day, and is also using the old Vitagraph plant." In December 1934, a fire destroyed 15 acre of the Warner Bros. studios in Burbank, forcing the company to put its Sunset Boulevard studio back into full use. At the time of the fire, Jack L. Warner noted: "We have ample facilities at our Sunset Boulevard studio to take care of all immediate mechanical and constructional requirements."</p><br>
<p>By 1935, film historians were already noting the loss of the industry&#39;s early studio facilities, many of which had become ghost towns, but the Warner Bros. Sunset studios were still running at full production:"Warner Brothers Studio on Sunset Boulevard is far from dead. Probably more shooting is done there than at the First National plant Warners absorbed, for there are four modern stages there. But the ghost stage is the one on which history was made -- Stage 3, on which the first all-talking picture was made. It is a small stage, though and sentiment -- except as it applied to relatives who have to be on the payroll or else supported some other way -- has very little to do with making pictures."</p><br>
<h3>Bowling alley and sports center</h3><br>
<p>However, in 1937, Warner had closed the Sunset Boulevard studio, and the property had been converted into a bowling alley and "sports center". The Los Angeles Times reported on the conversion of the historic studio as follows:"Note on the passing of an era: A painted sign hung over the front door is all there is to indicate that the Warner Bros. Sunset studio is no more. The birthplace of the Vitaphone is a sports center, and Stage One, where many of the first talkies retched their way into being, is a battery of badminton courts."</p><br>
<h3>Paramount and KTLA television studios</h3><br>
<p>In 1954, the Sunset Boulevard studio resumed its association with the entertainment business as television pioneer Klaus Landsberg, vice-president of Paramount Television Productions and general manager of KTLA, the first commercial television station west of the Mississippi, acquired the 10 acre site as the future home of Paramount Television Productions. Paramount undertook a $2 million reconstruction program at the site. As part of the reconstruction program in 1955, Paramount razed the older buildings at the studio. The Los Angeles Times noted at the time: "The birthplace of the talkies is disappearing into dust in Hollywood. Demolition crews are razing the older buildings of the old Warner Bros. Sunset Blvd. studio where the nasal voice of Al Jolson recorded on Vitaphone, first made talking pictures a commercial reality." The old executive office building and large antenna which for years displayed the words "Warner Bros. Vitaphone" were preserved. However, the old theater where Warner executives watched screenings of the studio&#39;s latest works was destroyed. There have been conflicting reports as to whether the soundstage on which The Jazz Singer was filmed was razed in the process (as noted below, a 1977 newspaper report suggests the building still existed at that time). At the time, Klaus Landsberg noted that "only the older buildings, including the historic Stage 1, are being destroyed, that newer facilities on the big lot are being renovated and reconditioned for the television operation."</p><br>
<p>In 1967, Gene Autry and his company, Golden West Broadcasters, acquired the old studio property from Paramount for $5 million. Golden West had previously acquired KTLA and had been leasing the space from Paramount.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, a celebration was held in Hollywood marking the 50th anniversary of the talking motion picture. A parade of old cars, including a Model T and a Model A, moved down Sunset Boulevard ending at the KTLA studios where The Jazz Singer had been filmed 50 years earlier. The United States Postmaster General Benjamin F. Bailar and MPAA President Jack Valenti were on hand for the first-day issue ceremony of a commemorative stamp honoring 50th anniversary of the first "talking picture." According to a Los Angeles Times report at the time, the 1977 parade carried former film greats "to Stage Six at KTLA, the same stage that was the site of The Jazz Singer".</p><br>
<p>With the sale of KTLA from Golden West in 1982, the studios had three owners in the 1980s, with Kohlberg Kravis Roberts owning them from late 1982 until 1984, then to Tribune Broadcasting in that year.</p><br>
<h3>Sunset Bronson Studios</h3><br>
<p>In 2001, Tribune Entertainment Company, then the owner of the site, announced plans to overhaul the Sunset Boulevard studio facility, transforming it into the nation&#39;s first fully digital studio lot at a cost between $10 million and $20 million. In January 2008, Tribune Entertainment sold the studios to Hudson Capital, LLC, for $125 million. At that time, recent productions at the studio facility included television series Divorce Court, Judge Judy, Hot Bench, Judge Joe Brown, Hannah Montana, Phenomenon, Family Game Night and The Biggest Loser. Tribune Studios was then renamed Sunset Bronson Studios and became co-owned with nearby Sunset Gower Studios, the former Columbia Pictures studio lot.</p><br>
<p>Hudson Pacific Properties announced in 2014 plans to build a 14-story office tower next door to the landmark executive office building. This cast-in-place, cantilevered structure was built by McCarthy Building Companies, Inc. This anchors the expansion of Sunset Bronson Studios that also includes a 1,600-space parking structure and a five-story, 90,000-square-foot production building. An iconic 160-foot tower was dismantled in December 2014 to make way for construction of an office building by Hudson Pacific Properties. After structural retrofitting and renovation, it was restored and relocated to its original location. The tower was erected in 1925 as one of two radio towers that served Warner Bros. affiliate radio station, KFWB. While one of the towers was dismantled in 1950, this tower was moved. In 1955, KTLA moved into the site and added KTLA-5 to the tower. With the towers visibility from the Hollywood Freeway, it was a notable landmark for over 60 years.</p><br>
<p>The new office tower holds production offices for Netflix.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>In 1977, Los Angeles City Councilwoman Peggy Stevenson asked the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission to declare the KTLA-KMPC production facilities a historic monument. The proposal was time to coincide with the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the release of The Jazz Singer and was based on the facilities role as "the site of the filming of the first feature film with synchronized dialogue, Warner Bros. The Jazz Singer, filmed there in 1927 when the studio was the home of Warner Bros." The Commission followed the recommendation and declared the studio facilities at 5800 Sunset Boulevard a Historic Cultural Monument (HCM #180) in September 1977 as the "Site of the Filming of the First Talking Film." In 1979, the Los Angeles Times wrote an article criticizing the city&#39;s failure to preserve the early studio buildings of the motion picture industry and noted that only a handful of film industry sites, including the Old Warner Bros. Studio on Sunset, had been designated as Historic Cultural Monuments. The facilities were also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ararat is a mountain located in the Pennsylvania villages of Belmont Corners and Orson. Its summit, which is in Orson, is the highest point in Wayne County, Pennsylvania, and one of the higher points in eastern Pennsylvania. Mount Ararat is located in the Glaciated Low Plateaus geological section of Pennsylvania. This section is characterized with low rolling hills and modest relief. This summit is of low relief but stands as a peak above the countryside.</p><br>
<p>The west and north sides of Mount Ararat drain into the East Branch of the Lackawanna River, thence into the Susquehanna River, and into Chesapeake Bay. The east side of Ararat drains into the West Branch of the Lackawaxen River, thence into the Delaware River, and into Delaware Bay.</p><br>
<p>The Little Red School is a former school building located in Kingman, Arizona, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 14, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Little Red School is located at 219 Fourth Street in Kingman, Arizona. The building was constructed in 1896 in the Queen Anne style, with the firm Hartley, Cooper & Hines recorded as the architects or builders or both. It replaced an earlier school building, Kingman&#39;s first, and remained in use until 1928. Actor Andy Devine was an alumnus of the school.</p><br>
<p>After the closure of the school the building hosted the activities of several local groups. Kingmans Catholic community met there until the construction of St. Mary’s church, and the Christian Science Church and the Elks Lodge used the building at various periods. During World War II the Ration Board operated out of the schoolhouse. After the war Kingman’s Chamber of Commerce briefly used the building as their office, sharing it with the Public Library. After the library outgrew the premises the building came under the ownership of the City of Kingman; it is today the citys Magistrate&#39;s Office.</p><br>
<p>The building was mentioned in a survey of historic properties in Kingman.</p><br>
<p>Elks&#39; Lodge No. 468 is a Romanesque-style clubhouse located in Kingman, Arizona. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Elks&#39; Lodge No. 468 is located at the Corner of Fourth and Oak Streets in Kingman, Arizona. The building was started in 1903-04 with modifications in 1913. The building is of Romanesque/Richardsonian style. C. E. Walker was the architect and Norman Hale was the contractor. Mr. Hale was an expert stonemason from the 1890s to the early 1900s. The stone was native and came from Metcalfe Quarry. The first fraternal lodge in Kingman, IOOF and Knights of Pythias also used the lodge. The building was added to the National Register of Historical Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Paulding County Courthouse is a historic governmental building in downtown Paulding, Ohio, United States. A Richardsonian Romanesque building erected in 1886,</p><br>
<p>When Paulding County was established in 1820, the small community of Charloe was named the county seat. This arrangement proved to be short-lived: the older community of Paulding grew significantly while Charloe stagnated, and the county seat was eventually moved to the larger village. Once Paulding had been named the county seat, the countys second courthouse was erected on the villages central square in 1837. After approximately fifty years of service, this frame structure was demolished, and the present structure was built on the same location in 1886.</p><br>
<p>Designed by the E.O. Fallis Company and built by workers under the direction of general contractor Rudolph Ehrhart, Two-and-one-half stories tall with a central tower, the courthouse features nearly identical entrances on each of its four sides. Measuring 60 ft square, and 163 ft tall at the tip of its domed tower, the courthouse was patterned after the Lenawee County Courthouse in Michigan, which was also designed by the Fallis architects.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, the Paulding County Courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due to its well-preserved architecture that was deemed significant statewide. It is one of four buildings in Paulding County on the Register, along with a rural round barn, a former train station in the village of Antwerp, and the Carnegie library in Paulding.</p><br>
<p>Desert Power & Water Co. Electric Power Plant is located at 120 Andy Devine Avenue in Kingman, Arizona. The building was built in 1907-08 with additions in the following years 1909 through 1911. Tracy Engineering Company was the architect and McCafe Contracting Company of Los Angeles was the contractor. The oil-fired plant was considered one of the largest steam electric power plants in the Western United States. It had a powerhouse, transformer house and office. It operated until 1938; Hoover Dam took over the power supply. The building was vacant for some time, then used as a salvage yard.</p><br>
<p>Sometime in the 1980s, a couple of local people got together and formed a group known as the "Powerhouse Gang." Their goal was to renovate the old building into something useful. In 1997, the building was open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The building belongs to the City of Kingman and is the home of Kingman Chamber of Commerce and Kingman Tourism Office and Visitor Center, along with the Historic Route 66 Association of Arizona and the Route 66 Museum.</p><br>
<p>The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Mohave County Courthouse and Jail buildings are located on North Fourth Street in Kingman, Mohave County, northwestern Arizona.</p><br>
<h2>Jail</h2><br>
<p>The jail was built in 1909-10 in the Neoclassical style. Pauley Jail Co. were the architects and John Mulligan was the contractor. The new jail replaced the old jail, because the prisoners were breaking out too easily. It is one of the few remaining county jails still in use in Arizona.</p><br>
<h2>County courthouse</h2><br>
<p>The county courthouse was built in 1915, also in the Neoclassical style, and was designed by the architectural firm Lescher & Kibbey based in Phoenix. J. M. Wheeler, and Collamore & Sons from Arkansas, were the contractors. The court house was built with native cut stone from the Metcalfe Quarry.</p><br>
<p>The court house was used by the Mohave County government for 70 years.</p><br>
<p>Both buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, as the Mohave County Municipal Complex (# 83002990).</p><br>
<p>Bonelli House is at the corner of Fifth and Spring Streets in Kingman, Arizona. The house was built in 1915.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>George Bonelli built the house with local tufa stone from Metcalfe Quarry. Construction is 2 stories, rectangular, low hipped roof with dormers recessed galerie on 3 sides supported by square</p><br>
<p>wooden pillars, front center entrance with transom and sidelights, interior chimneys, French</p><br>
<p>doors and tall windows for ventilation, 12-14" insulating walls; early plumbing and wiring intact,</p><br>
<p>many original furnishings. A vernacular adaptation of the “raised cottage style” well suited for</p><br>
<p>the desert climate.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This was the second home on the same property, the original home burned down in 1915. The Bonellis owned a large ranch, general store, and jewelry store, and a meat market in Chloride, Arizona.</p><br>
<p>The property belongs to the City of Kingman and is operated as a historic house museum by the Mohave County Historical Society. The Society also operates the Mohave Museum of History and Arts.</p><br>
<p>The Raymond Carr House is a Colonial Revival style house located in Kingman, Arizona. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Raymond Carr House is located at 620 Oak Street in Kingman, Arizona. The home was built in 1916 in the Neo-Colonial Revival style. B. Allen Brown and H. W. Charleton & Co. were the architect and contractor. It has a native stone foundation including the lower wall, and stone came from A. H. Smith Quarry. The two story adobe home is one of the largest homes built in Kingman and was considered an upper class residence. Mr. Carr was one of Mohave County&#39;s early pioneers. A livestock rancher, he also co-owned several Kingman businesses, including its second bank, Citizen’s Bank, the Kingman Drug Co., and Arizona Stores. His wife, Effie, active in many civic groups, was Worthy Grand Matron of Arizona for the Eastern Star organization. Then house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The home is currently occupied by Carol Gordon who purchased it with her deceased husband Wesley Gordon in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Rialto Theatre in Tacoma, Washington was built in 1918 to showcase movies. Its design reflects the affluence following World War I. It reflects the character of a palace and is the result of efforts by entrepreneur Henry T. Moore and Tacoma architect Roland E. Borhek.</p><br>
<p>Designed to hold 1500 patrons (revised to 780 today) and retail space. The two-and-a-half-story structure is in the historic downtown of Tacoma. The area has long been associated with theaters and entertainment. The theater is freestanding, with a dramatic view on an incline with a classical façade sheathed of glazed white terra cotta. Both the interior and exterior retain most of the original design of Roland E. Borhek. The theater has an auditorium, proscenium with stage, a relocated projection booth, balcony, lobby, and commercial space. It has been altered with the removal of the storefronts and marquee. On the inside, the lobby&#39;s decorative ceiling has been hidden and the concession areas expanded.</p><br>
<p>For more information visit the Broadway Center for the Performing Arts. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The walls are patterned, buff-toned stucco with a muted backdrop for the classical decorative features. The decorative features are glazed, white terra cotta and applied around the main entrance. The roof above the auditorium is gabled and flat, abutting the parapets. It is brick and hollow clay tile construction with a steel truss roof system over the auditorium. Reinforced concrete beams support the proscenium arch and balcony.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance is rounded at the northeast corner and sheathed in the terra cotta. The classical decorative features are concentrated around the entrance. Three arched openings form a semi-circular arcaded entry with a ticket window, a double leaf glass door, and terrazzo flooring and marble kickplating. A replicated three-part flower petal marquee projects out over the entranceway. The second story is enclosed and capped with decorative parapet with lighted finials. The fenestration on the upper facade of the turret-like corner mirrors the arcaded entry below and features three sets of segmented arch windows. The remainder of the primary facade is less ornamented. The stuccoed wall surface is divided into six bays along the length by terra cotta piers of classical design. The decorative terra cotta parapet extends the entire length with lighted finials where the piers abut the cornice line. Adjacent to the main entry, the upper story of the first three bays features fenestration and an ornamented cornice. Lighted finials smaller than the pier finials adorn the parapet. Storefronts occupied the first bays along the second level from the northwest corner. The Market Street front has a replicated storefront on the corner and a stairwell from an emergency exit serving the auditorium below.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The interior includes a lobby, auditorium with balcony, projection booth, a shallow stage with proscenium, backstage dressing areas, mechanical rooms, and commercial space. The lobby leads into the back of the auditorium. There is a ramp and stairways to the balcony. The balcony is over the lobby, hanging over a part of the main floor. The other spaces are along the length of the auditorium. Along the auditorium on the second floor are the manager&#39;s office, restroom facilities, waiting or smoking rooms, storage, and the corner commercial spaces.</p><br>
<p>The lobby features recessed lights and a coved ceiling segmented and decorated with plaster swags of greenery. The ramp parallels the back wall and splits to access the balcony from opposite sides about a third of the way forward.</p><br>
<p>The auditorium is entered from the back with two aisle creating three seating areas. The rectangular two story high hall is designed for movies with a shallow stage and wings. Curves are visible throughout with a cove ceiling and curved walls from the proscenium. The classical ornamentation is cast plaster on the walls, ceiling, proscenium, and balcony railing. The proscenium displays the richest plaster relief work consisting of an entablature with classical piers. Two cherubs blowing long trumpets and separated by a lighted torch are perched atop the proscenium. On each side of the proscenium is a screened area, which once held organ pipes. The areas are ornamented with cast plaster grills capped by eagles and flags. Lighting comes from chandeliers suspended above, replicated wall sconces, and indirect lighting along the cornice and beneath the organ grills.</p><br>
<p>Above the main entrance is a round room, which served as the anteroom to the ladies restroom. The upper level was redesigned in 1991 and includes restroom facilities and a small rehearsal hall and the replicated corner storefront.</p><br>
<p>The 1991 rehabilitation updated the technical and mechanical systems, restored the lobby, and applied an interior color scheme similar original. The rear wall of the auditorium below the balcony was redesigned as a curved surface and the projection booth was moved to the balcony. Seating was restored to the 1951 remodeling, rather than the original 1918. Other changes were made to conform with handicap access and public safety.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliographical</h2><br>
<p>Bonney, W. T., History of Pierce County, Pioneer Historical Publishing, 1927.</p><br>
<p>Morgan, Murray, Puget Sound, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1989.</p><br>
<p>Arthur F. Black House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was built in 1925 and located in Kingman, Arizona.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Arthur F. Black House is at 707 Cerbat Avenue, Kingman, Arizona. The house was built in 1919 and a second floor added in 1933. The house is in the style of Spanish Colonial Revival. Cecil E. Chilton was the first contractor and Mr. Black did the building of the second floor. The house has a native stone wall and an open veranda and balcony. The lumber for the 1933 addition came from an original high school gym.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Black was the mining foreman at the Golconda Mine for about 4 years, a railroad engineer for 3 years, and partner in Kingman Motor Co. (Ford Dealership). He started the Boulder Dam Line, Kingman to Las Vegas line and adding to Phoenix; it handled passengers and freight. He is known as the Father of U. S. Route 93 and helped in creating U. S. Route 66 from Old Trails Highway. He also formed the first cab company in Kingman, called Kingman Cab Co.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>The house was placed on the National Register in 1993. The house is on the National Register of Historic Places and the number is 93001324.</p><br>
<p>Mohave County Hospital is between Grand View and First Street on Beale Street, in Kingman, Mohave County, western Arizona.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Santa Fe Railway Engineering Department designed the building in the Spanish Colonial Revival style. The hospital was built in 1921-22, and J. B. Lammers of Flagstaff was the contractor. Additional hospital wings were added to the building in the 1940s and in 1962.</p><br>
<p>Mohave County General Hospital was the main hospital in Mohave County until the 1970s, when it moved to a new location. After that, county departments moved into the vacant building. The last and longest was the Mohave County Sheriffs Office, who had moved from the old court house building into the former hospital.</p><br>
<p>The hospital was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, with the designation number 86001165.</p><br>
<p>However, the hospital was demolished in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Millard House, also known as La Miniatura, is a textile block house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and built in 1923 in Pasadena, California. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Wright's textile block houses</h2><br>
<p>The Millard House was the first of Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s four "textile block" houses — all built in Los Angeles County in 1923 and 1924. Wright took on the Millard House following his completion of the Hollyhock House in Hollywood and the Imperial Hotel in Japan.</p><br>
<p>By this time, Wright felt typecast as the Prairie house architect and sought to broaden his architectural vision. Wright turned to the concrete block as his new building material. Wright wrote in his autobiography that he chose to build with concrete blocks as they were "the cheapest (and ugliest) thing in the building world," and he wanted to see "what could be done with that gutter-rat." The textile-block houses were named for their richly textured brocade-like concrete walls. The style was an experiment by Wright in modular housing; he sought to develop an inexpensive and simple method of construction that would enable ordinary people to build their own homes with stacked blocks. By adding ornamental designs to mass-produced blocks, Wright hoped the blocks could become a "masonry fabric capable of great variety in architectural beauty." One writer has described Wright&#39;s concept this way: "By unifying decoration and function, exterior and interior, earth and sky — perforated blocks served as skylights — Wright saw his Textile Block Method approach as an utterly modern, and democratic, expression of his organic architecture ideal."</p><br>
<h2>Design of Millard House</h2><br>
<p>Wright was commissioned to build Millard House by Alice Millard, a rare-book dealer for whom Wright had built a home in Highland Park, Illinois. in 1906. Seeking to integrate the Millard House with the land, Wright designed the home to cling to the lots steep ravine, nestled it among the trees, and fabricated the homes concrete blocks using sand, gravel and minerals found on the property. By using roughly textured, earth-toned blocks, he sought to blend the house with the color and form of the trees and hillside. While the design was in most ways a departure from Wright&#39;s prior work, it was consistent with his lifelong love of natural materials and his belief that buildings should complement their surroundings. He later said that Millard House "belonged to the ground on which it stood."</p><br>
<p>The blocks were created in wooden molds with patterns on the outside and smooth on the inside. The blocks feature a symmetrical pattern of a cross with a square in each corner. Wright reinforced the blocks using conventional mortar. The project cost $17,000 — 70% more than the $10,000 budget Millard had given to Wright. Some accounts state that the builder walked off the job, "leaving Wright to finish the project himself, out of his own pocket".</p><br>
<p>The 2,400 ft&sup2; house consists of a vertical three-story block. The first floor has the kitchen, servants room and a dining room opening onto a terrace with a reflecting pool. The second floor has the main entrance, guest room, and a two-story living room with a fireplace and balcony. The third floor contained Millards bedroom with a balcony overlooking the living room and outdoor terrace.</p><br>
<p>Like many of Wright&#39;s homes, Millard House suffered from leaks during rains. After the house flooded in a storm, Millard wrote a letter to Wright complaining about the inadequate storm drain that resulted in the basement filling entirely with muddy water and the water rising to six inches (152 mm) in the dining room.</p><br>
<p>Millard added a separate studio in 1926, designed by Wright&#39;s son, Lloyd Wright.</p><br>
<h2>Critical response</h2><br>
<p>The initial critical response to Millard House and the textile block structures was not positive. The homes were greeted with "howls of laughter", as Beaux Arts-trained architects were "appalled" to see a common building material used for the facades and interior walls of expensive homes.</p><br>
<p>However, Wright himself took great pride in Millard House. He said of it: "I would rather have built this little house than St. Peters in Rome." Over the years, critical views of Millard House became positive, and it is now considered one of Wrights finest works.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, the Los Angeles Times columnist Art Seidenbaum wrote: "Environmentally, the place is fascinating because it still looks modern in a neighborhood that is gracious but aging. Or, maybe better, the Millard house is of no time and its own place."</p><br>
<p>In 1969, Millard House was ranked as one of the 12 most significant landmarks in the Los Angeles area by a panel of ten distinguished citizens and architecture experts.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, The New York Times noted that the Millard House was known around the world and ranked it among the few buildings in Los Angeles that "have become classic works of the 20th Century."</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The house appears as the Secarus IV home of the Albino, an alien villain in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Blood Oath."</p><br>
<p>Bocchetta Pass or Bochetta Pass or Passo della Bocchetta is a mountain pass in the Ligurian Apennine Mountains in Liguria north of Genoa, Italy. The summit of the pass is at an elevation of 772 meters .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is crossed by a highway that connects Genoa and Alessandria. An old Roman road ran through Bocchetta Pass from Genua (modern Genoa) to Dertona (modern Tortona).</p><br>
<p>The Bocchetta Pass is located about 16 km north of Genoa. From the south, the SP5 (Provincial) highway follows the Polcevera valley north from the town of Campomorone. From the north, the SP160 highway approaches the pass along the Lemme valley via the towns of Gavi and Voltaggio. Currently, most traffic uses the Autostrada A7 which runs through the mountains 4.5 km to the east.</p><br>
<h3>Hiking</h3><br>
<p>The pass is also accessible by off-road mountain paths and is crossed by the Alta Via dei Monti Liguri, a long-distance trail from Ventimiglia (province of Imperia) to Bolano (province of La Spezia).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Roman consul Spurius Postumius Albinus Magnus had the Via Postumia built in 148 BC. The Roman road connected Genoa with Tortona, Piacenza, and Cremona. At Calvatone the road forked and the northern branch went to Verona while the southern branch went to Mantua. During the French Revolutionary Wars the Bocchetta Pass was located in territory belonging to the Republic of Genoa. Its north side was guarded by the fortress of Gavi.</p><br>
<p>The Flagg-Coburn House is a historic house at 722 E. Merrimack Street in Lowell, Massachusetts. Built in 1926 for a local industrialist, it is the first known example in New England of the distinctive residential work of New York City architect Ernest Flagg. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Flagg-Coburn House is located in a residential area of eastern Lowell, set between East Merrimack Street to the south, and the Merrimack River to the north. It is a 1-1/2 story structure with an idiosyncratic plan and style. Its first-floor walls are composed of a rubblestone exterior laid around a core of concrete, and it is topped by a complex roof studded with dormers and projecting sections. Its interior layout is organized with the public rooms on the river side, and service rooms and bedrooms on the street side. Because the building lacks a basement (it was built on concrete slab poured over stone ledge), its infrastructure (heating systems and other utilities) are located in its westernmost wing.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1926 for the family of Frederick Coburn, a historian and artist from a prominent local industrial family. It was designed by Ernest Flagg, a New York-based architect, in a style he promoted as a cost-sensitive means for the design of homes for the lower and middle classes. The Coburns were interested in contemporary arts and crafts of the period, and the building is thus a somewhat anomalous design for the otherwise conventional designs for period houses in the finer neighborhoods of Lowell. The Coburns owned the house into the 1940s, and its once-rural setting has since been transformed into one of suburban character.</p><br>
<p>The F. L. Ames Gardener&#39;s Cottage is a small residential house in North Easton, Massachusetts. This building was designed in 1884 by noted American architect Henry Hobson Richardson and built the following year. This building sits on the original Ames estate and was designed soon after the neighboring Ames Gate Lodge . Frederick Lothrop Ames also commissioned Richardson to build the nearby Old Colony Railroad Station. Two other notable buildings in North Easton, the Ames Free Library and Oakes Ames Memorial Hall, were also Richardson designs and commissioned by the Ames family.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the Gardener&#39;s house has been renovated and is not easily identified as a Richardson building. However the footprint and structure remain intact, including a circular tower on one corner of the house. The ivy-covered walls, long associated with this building, were removed during the renovation.</p><br>
<p>The Monarch Diner, now the Owl Diner, is a historic diner at 246 Appleton Street in Lowell, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The diner was built by Worcester Lunch Car Company as #749 in 1940, and was originally located in Waltham, Massachusetts, where it operated as the Monarch Diner. In 1951 the diner was moved to its present location in Lowell. The manufactured portion of the diner is nine bays wide and four deep, with enamel wall panels and a metal monitor-shaped roof; it is a rare regional example of a semi-streamlined form. Its present center entry was probably built when the diner was moved, as was the concrete block addition in the rear which houses the kitchen and restrooms. A second addition on the diner&#39;s south end adds seating space; it was probably added between 1952 and 1966. The diner is the last (out of sixteen) that once operated in the city.</p><br>
<p>The diner was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Pawtucket Congregational Church is a historic church at 15 Mammoth Road in Lowell, Massachusetts. It sits across Massachusetts Route 113 from the Merrimack River at Pawtucket Falls on the site at which the Pennacook sachem Passaconaway once lived.</p><br>
<p>The church was gathered in 1797 by those who did not wish to travel to the center of Dracut for worship. Pawtucketville was part of Dracut when the church was founded. The current church building was erected in 1898, and exhibits Queen Anne and Romanesque Revival styling; its tower houses a bell cast by the Revere foundry in 1822. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Pawtucket Congregational Church is an open and affirming congregation of the United Church of Christ.</p><br>
<p>The South Common Historic District of Lowell, Massachusetts, encompasses the citys South Common and the various public, religious, and private residential buildings that flank its borders. The South Common, about 22.5 acre in size, was purchased by the city in 1845 in an auction by the Proprietors of Locks and Canals, who owned much of the citys industrial area. Although the common was landscaped, it was not apparently done so to a plan. It quickly became lined with fashionable residences, and several iconic public buildings, including the 1850 courthouse, a Romantic Revival structure designed by Ammi Young, and a series of Gothic Revival churches. Highland Avenue was built out with a series of fine Italianate houses.</p><br>
<p>Per the January, 1981 Massachusetts Historic Commission application, in the 1850s a land owner living on the east side of the proposed South Common, Patrick Manice, refused to sell his property to the City of Lowell. The city then enclosed his property, with he and his family within with a wooden fence. Friends supported Manice by slipping food through the slats of the fence. He surrendered his house in 1856 for $3500, and the parcel was subsequently nicknamed "Manices Spite". In 1905, the city built a running track a baseball field and a childrens gymnasium on the common as a city experiment&#39;.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the common, the historic district encompasses many of the surrounding buildings including:</p><br>
<p>7 residential buildings on Highland Street,7 properties on Summer Street including the Eliot Church,Eliot School on Favor Street,Hoods Laboratory (Thorndike Street) - Originally built to produce Hoods Sarsaparilla, the former Lowell Jail (Thorndike Street) later housing Keith Academy Catholic High School,St. Johns Church (Gorham Street), St. Peters Church and Rectory (Gorham Street) and, the Middlesex County Courthouse (Gorham Street).</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph&#39;s Convent and School is a historic convent and school at 517 Moody Street in Lowell, Massachusetts. The school is a three story brick building built in 1883. Its Italianate styling includes an extended wooden cornice decorated with brackets. The convent, built in 1911, is a modestly-ornmanented Colonial Revival three story brick building. Most of the interiors of the buildings were significantly altered over the course of the 20th century, losing most of their historical integrity; however, a 2001 rehabilitation has reintroduced interior styling in keeping with the age and style of the buildings.</p><br>
<p>The parish of St. Joseph was established in 1868 by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston, to cater to the religious needs of the burgeoning French-Canadian Catholic population that was one of the significant demographic groups working in Lowells mills. The school was established by the diocese in 1883 to provide French-language education to the children of these immigrants, with nuns of the Grey Nuns of the Cross as teachers. The nuns initially lived in a house on the property. By the 1890s enrollments had increased such that more space was needed, and the Saint Josephs Roman Catholic College for Boys was built on Merrimack Street, and this school was devoted to girls. The convent was built in 1911 to provide increased space for housing of the nuns teaching at these facilities. The St. Joseph&#39;s school eventually spawned three other Catholic schools in Lowell. However, by the 1980s enrollments had declined, and the school was closed in 1993. The buildings have been rehabilitated by a local nonprofit organization.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Varnum School is a historic former school building at 103 Sixth Street in Lowell, Massachusetts. The Greek Revival building was built in 1857, and was the first school built in the city&#39;s Centralville section after it was annexed to the city in 1851. The building was altered with a minor addition added in 1886, and a substantial Classical Revival addition was made in 1896. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. Vacant since the 2000s, it is now owned by a developer, and is slated for conversion to housing units.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Varnum School building is set on the south side of Sixth Street, between Myrtle and Beech Streets in the city&#39;s Centralville neighborhood, located just across the Merrimack River from its central business district. It is a three-story brick structure, with two large sections joined by a smaller one. The section facing the street is a Classical Revival structure, three stories high, with a hip roof and a projecting gable-roofed center section. Its corners are articulated by brick pilasters with stone capitals, and its windows have granite sills and lintels. The third-floor windows are round-arched, while the others are regular sash. The cornice and the pedimented gable are modillioned. This section was built in 1896 to a design by Arthur M. Burtt.</p><br>
<p>Behind this section is a narrow two-story section, which joins the front section to the school&#39;s original 1857 structure, a two-story gable-roofed structure with Greek Revival styling. The slate roof is pierced by several dormers, and is topped by a cupola. A south-facing entrance is sheltered by a flat-roof portico supported by square columns. The gabled side elevations are divided by pilasters at the corners and in the center, and the gable end is fully pedimented, with a half-round window at the center.</p><br>
<p>The Centralville area was originally part of Dracut, but its proximity to Lowells business and industrial centers brought it economically and socially closer to that community. In 1851 the area was annexed to the city. A school was built near this site in the 1830s by Joseph Bradley Varnum and his son, Benjamin Franklin Varnum, who owned a boarding house on the site of this building. When built in 1857, this school was the citys first elementary school in which students were separated by grade. Population growth in the area prompted the 1886 addition of two classrooms (now the center connecting section), and the eight-room 1897 addition, which is now the dominant part of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building was used as a school into the 2000s. The city sold it to a private developer, who is planning a residential conversion.</p><br>
<p>The Wamesit Canal-Whipple Mill Industrial Complex is a historic mill and canal at 576 Lawrence Street in Lowell, Massachusetts. This industrial area of Lowell, located on the Concord River, underwent a major expansion from a more modest millworks in the mid-19th century by Oliver Whipple, a manufacturer of gunpowder.</p><br>
<h2>Gunpowder mill</h2><br>
<p>Oliver Whipple was a grandson of American Revolutionary War officer James Whipple of Grafton, Massachusetts. Whipple was born in Weathersfield, Vermont, in 1794; and in 1815 he followed the Connecticut River downstream to learn gunpowder manufacturing at the Laflin mill in Southwick, Massachusetts. As the Laflin brothers moved their gunpowder manufacturing operations elsewhere, Whipple moved east in 1818 to manage a gunpowder mill built by Moses Hale on River Meadow Brook in East Chelmsford upstream of its confluence with the Concord River. River Meadow Brook became known as Hales Brook. Whipple became Hales partner after marrying Hales daughter in 1820. Whipple undertook the construction of a canal along the Concord River to provide power for a number of mills he erected in the area, consulting with engineer Loammi Baldwin, Jr. on the matter. Whipple manufactured Boston Gunpowder at the improved mill until 1855; although he began moving gunpowder manufacturing operations to a more remote location on Maines Cumberland and Oxford Canal in 1833 to minimize risks of accidental explosions and to be closer to supplies of charcoal.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The area was further developed in the second half of the 19th century by Benjamin Butlers Wamesit Power Company, which acquired most of Whipples properties and water rights. Portions of Whipple&#39;s gunpowder mill built in the 1820s are among the oldest surviving industrial structures in the city.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Square Historic District of Lowell, Massachusetts encompasses a historic subdivision laid out in 1832. The focal point of the subdivision is Kittridge Park, which lies on the eastern side of the district and was an original part of the subdivision plan developed by the Nesmith Brothers. It was the first significant residential subdivision in the city aimed at a wealthier clientele, and was designed by landscape architect Alexander Wadsworth. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and expanded slightly in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Washington Square district is located east of Lowell&#39;s central business district, across the Concord River and a short way south of the Merrimack River. Its principal intersection is that of east-west Andover Street and north-south Nesmith Street, with Kittridge Park at the northeastern corner. The district extends north, west and south from the park for a little more than one block, and consists of modest-sized houses on small lots (c. 5,000 ft&sup2;).</p><br>
<p>The area was created as a residential subdivision in 1831 by the brothers John and Thomas Nesmith, with the purchase of 150 acre. The brothers retained Alexander Wadsworth to lay out what is now called Kittridge Park and the surrounding road and lots. Early deeds for lots sold for development required the planting of trees along the street. The earliest houses built were in the Federal and Greek Revival styles, but most of the houses, built in the 1840s and 1850s, are Italianate in style. Buyers of houses in the area included supervisors and professional staff of Lowell&#39;s mills, as well as smaller-scale businessmen in the city. Two mill owners bought houses in the district: C. P. Talbot, owner of the Talbot Mills in North Billerica, and John Holt, who owned a flannel factory on Davidson Street. Some houses were built after 1860, and only a very few postdate 1900. The district largely mirrors the area of the original subdivision, with only modern intrusions excepted. It is roughly bounded on the north by East Merrimack Street, on the east by Park Street, on the south by Andover Street, except for the block of Nesmith Street immediately to its south, and on the west by High Street, whose addresses are excluded from the district.</p><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church is a historic church building at 457 Main Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts, housing an evangelical congregation. The church was built in 1892 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church is set on the west side of Main Street (Massachusetts Route 28), at the northwest corner with Hancock Street, just south of the town&#39;s central business district. It is a large brick building with a roughly rectangular footprint running parallel to Main Street. The roof is gabled, with cross-gables facing Main Street, and a two-story tower projecting from the main block between them. The gable ends are finished in wood shinges. The tower is in three stages, with an entry at the first level, a tall belfry stage with paired round-arch windows, and a four-sided steeple at the top.</p><br>
<p>The Baptist congregation was established in Stoneham in 1870, and met in a chapel on Common Street until this edifice was built in 1892 on the former estate of one of Stoneham&#39;s leading shoe manufacturers. The building is relatively little-altered since then; notably, its original slate roof has been replaced by asphalt shingles.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting information</h2><br>
<p>The senior pastor is John French, and there are a variety of activities hosted at the church in addition to the Sunday morning worship service. Visitors are always welcome - Sunday service starts at 10 am during the summer, and 11 am during the rest of the year.</p><br>
<p>Heritage Square is a place in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Owned and maintained by The Womans Club of Fayetteville, Heritage Square includes the Sandford House, built in 1797; the Oval Ballroom, a freestanding single room built in 1818; and the Baker-Haigh-Nimocks House, constructed in 1804. The buildings located on Heritage Square are listed in the National Register of Historic Places.&lt;ref name=nris/ as the "Fayetteville Womans Club and Oval Ballroom" and "Nimocks House."</p><br>
<h2>Sandford House</h2><br>
<p>The Sandford House, built in 1797, is the showcase home of Heritage Square. The Woman&#39;s Club of Fayetteville purchased the home in 1946, and currently maintains and furnishes the Sandford House in keeping with its Antebellum roots. The Sandford House exhibits classic Colonial (Georgian) architecture. Its interior features eight spacious rooms divided by hallways and ornamented with exquisite mantles, doorways and moldings. The exterior wears trim of a hand carved rope design under the eaves.</p><br>
<h3>Historical Ownership of the Sandford House</h3><br>
<p>Mark Russel originally owned the land on which the house stands.</p><br>
<p>John McLeran built the home.</p><br>
<p>Duncan McLeran purchased the home from John, his kinsman. Duncan McLeran was one of the first elders of the historic Presbyterian Church in Fayetteville.</p><br>
<p>In 1804, John Adam purchased the home. Sarah Donaldson Adam, John&#39;s wife, also links to the Presbyterian Church because her father donated the land on which the church was built.</p><br>
<p>In 1820, under new ownership, the Sandford House was transformed into the first federal bank in North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>In 1832, John William Sandford (the current namesake and former Philadelphian) purchased the building and made it a home with Margaret Halliday, his new wife. According to local legend, Sherman&#39;s troops used the house as barracks during the Union occupation of Fayetteville in March 1865. "The Civil War Trail" runs through the backyard of the Sandford House today.</p><br>
<p>In 1873, former Confederate Captain John E.P. Daingerfield purchased the home. Elliot Daingerfield, John&#39;s son and renowned North Carolina artist, lived here throughout his teenage years.</p><br>
<p>Around 1897, A.H. Slocumb (of Massachusetts), husband of Lillian Taylor (a Fayetteville belle) purchased the home. A.H. Slocumb worked in Fayetteville&#39;s naval stores with the A.E. Rankin Company.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, W.H. Powell and his family resided in the Sandford House.</p><br>
<p>In 1941, The Woman&#39;s Club of Fayetteville rented the Sandford House from its previous owner and then purchased the property in 1945.</p><br>
<h4>Captain John E.P. Daingerfield</h4><br>
<p>After the Civil War, ex-Confederate Captain John E.P. Daingerfield (originally from Arkansas) bought the property.</p><br>
<p>Daingerfield served as a Confederate clerk at the Harpers Ferry arsenal in 1859 during John Brown’s raid. Captain Daingerfield took rank June 10, 1861 and transferred to Fayetteville as munitions and equipment were transferred to the Fayetteville Arsenal from Harpers Ferry that same year.</p><br>
<p>Maj. John C. Booth, commanding officer at the Fayetteville Arsenal, appointed him military paymaster and storekeeper, prestigious jobs in the Army. Daingerfield served in the 2nd Battalion Local Defense Troops, commonly referred to as the Arsenal Guard, and occupied the house with his wife Matilda and his four children - one of whom became a celebrated painter of North Carolina.</p><br>
<h4>Elliot Daingerfield</h4><br>
<p>Elliot Daingerfield was born in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, and raised in Fayetteville. At age 21 he moved to New York to study art. Elliot was inspired by the European Symbolist movement during his time overseas. His influences included Impressionism and Romanticism in general and the artist Ralph Albert Blakelock. Today, the "Daingerfield Room" occupies the entire South Parlor of the Sandford House.</p><br>
<h4>The Woman's Club of Fayetteville</h4><br>
<p>The Womans Club rented the Sandford House from 1941 to 1945 to provide a home for unmarried working women flooding into the city during World War II. At one time, 30 young, single women, a housemother and hostess packed the second-floor bedrooms, which were converted into dormitory-style living spaces. The Womans Club also provided space for any other womens organization to meet in the house free of charge in an effort to accommodate the towns growing need for social outlets.</p><br>
<h2>The Oval Ballroom</h2><br>
<p>The Oval Ballroom is now a freestanding room with octagonal architecture outside and a large (20-foot × 30-foot) oval interior highlighted by plaster cornices and pilasters. Originally, the ballroom was an add-on to the Halliday-Williams House in Fayetteville, North Carolina; the Halliday-Williams House was demolished in the mid-1950s. The Oval Ballroom is an example of Regency architecture.</p><br>
<h3>Historical ownership of the Oval Ballroom</h3><br>
<p>Robert Halliday, an immigrant from Galloway, Scotland, built the house to which the ballroom was later attached in 1808. He lived there with his wife, Catherine (Kitty) McQueen Halliday, and their family until he died in 1816.</p><br>
<p>Catherine married Judge John Cameron after Robert Hallidays death. The Cameron family erected two similar octagonal wings onto the home. The room on the north side of the house was built specifically for the reception and ball following the 1830 wedding of Margaret, Roberts daughter, to John Sandford. This room eventually became "The Oval Ballroom."</p><br>
<p>In 1847, The Camerons began renting the house. One notable character, Mrs. Ann K. Simpson, occupied the home during its rental period.</p><br>
<p>In 1870, John D. Williams purchased the house for his son, Captain Arthur Butler Williams.</p><br>
<p>Sometime prior to 1930, Fanny Williams, Captain Butler&#39;s daughter, inherited the home. She transformed the house into The Colonial Inn which became a popular tourist stop in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. M.B. McLean, Fannys niece, inherited the home. She donated the Colonial Inns "dining room" (previously the Camerons "north room") to The Womans Club of Fayetteville.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1950s, The Woman&#39;s Club of Fayetteville renamed the now freestanding room as "The Oval Ballroom" and moved it to its current location on Heritage Square.</p><br>
<h4>Mrs. Ann K. Simpson</h4><br>
<p>Ann K. Simpson, accused of murdering her husband, was the first woman tried for murder in Cumberland County, North Carolina. She was found not guilty in this trial. However, Ann was found guilty and executed when she stood trial for murdering her third husband while living in Minnesota. During the Minnesota trial, the early, untimely death of her second husband was also called into question.</p><br>
<p>"The Oval Ballroom" is the dining area in which Ann served her first husband his (allegedly) arsenic-laced dessert of syllabub and coffee in the presence of two witnesses.</p><br>
<h4>Fanny "Fan" Williams</h4><br>
<p>Fan Williams operated The Colonial Inn, known for its southern cuisine and hospitality.</p><br>
<h2>Nimocks House</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The Baker-Haigh-Nimocks House, built in 1804, is an example of Georgian architecture, perfectly balanced and symmetrical inside and out. The Nimocks House exhibits a proportional, classical, and "regular" style. "Regular" styles are defined by mathematical ratios (such as the golden mean) that are used to determine every measurement from the floor layout to the width to height ratio of the windows. Georgian Style homes were typically painted red, tan, and/or white if not constructed from brick or stone.</p><br>
<p>It is a -story, five-bay, frame dwelling. It sits on a brick pier foundation and features a one-bay-wide, one-story porch supported by Doric order columns.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>New England ship builders often wintered in the south during this time period. Their unique building style probably explains the unusual barrel staircase design in the Nimocks House. In addition, the hand-carved cornices, wainscoting, mantels, and hand-punched gouge work are beautifully detailed and typical of the period.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance features a fan light, and the light fixture at the top of the staircase was planned for use in the state capital building if Fayetteville had remained the capital.</p><br>
<p>The two upstairs rooms feature dormer windows and individual fireplaces.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage Square gallery</h2><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church is an historic church located at 1 Church Street  in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Built in 1840, it is a fine local example of Greek Revival architecture, and is a landmark in the town center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 13, 1984. The church is affiliated with the United Church of Christ; the current pastor is the Rev. Meredith Allen.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Stoneham&#39;s First Congregation Church is set on the east side of Main Street (Massachusetts Route 28), just north of the town common, which is across Church Street. The main sanctuary is a rectangular wood frame building, with a gable roof and a brick foundation. The front facade, facing west, is flushboarded, while the remaining sides are clapboarded. The main facade is divided into three bays by Doric pilasters, each bay having an entrance at the ground level with a window above. The pilasters support an entablature that extends around the sides of the building, with a fully pedimented gable end above. The pediment has a triangular window at its center. The tower rises from the ridge line near the front, with a plain square stage rising to a louvered belfry stage and an octagonal spire. Modern facilities are added to the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>The church congregation was organized in 1726; this, its third sanctuary, was built in 1840 after the second one burned. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, and was included as part of the Central Square Historic District in 1990. It is the meeting location of Boy Scout Troop 513.</p><br>
<p>The First Unitarian Church is a historic former church building at 53 Central Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. One of Stoneham&#39;s more stylish Gothic Revival buildings, the Stick style wood structure was built in 1869 for a Unitarian congregation that was organized in 1858. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, and included in the Central Square Historic District in 1990. It presently houses the local Community Access Television organization.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The First Unitarian Church building is set at the northeast corner of Common and Central Streets on the north side of downtown Stoneham. Across Central Street stand two other churches. This one is a single-story wood frame structure, its exterior finished in wooden clapboards. The building originally had a number of architecturally significant Stick style features, but many of these have been lost recently. The gable end facing Central Street, and the gabled hood sheltering the entrance, both had Stick style diagonal and vertical boardwork. The tower originally sported an elaborate open belfry, with an octagonal steeple above. Four sides of the steeple had dormers in which there were clock faces.</p><br>
<p>The Unitarian congregation in Stoneham was organized in 1858, and this church was built for it in 1869. The congregation occupied this building until it disbanded in 1995. The building is now used by Stoneham TV, a local Community Access Television station.</p><br>
<p>The Almshouse is a historic almshouse at 136 Elm Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Built in 1852, it is one of the few surviving buildings of this type in the Greater Boston area. It is now part of the Stoneham Senior Center, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Stoneham Almshouse is located in eastern Stoneham, near the town line with Wakefield on the north side of Elm Street. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboarded exterior, and granite foundation. It basically a functional vernacular structure, with minimal Greek Revival styling found in the main entrance surround. The interior follows a relatively retardaire (out-of-date for the period) central hall plan. The original building has been encrusted with additions to the sides and rear.</p><br>
<p>The almshouse was built in 1852 to provide facilities for the towns indigent adult population. It was the towns second such facility, and is now one of the few in the region to survive. Its original 17 acre lot has been reduce to just two by subdivision and development, but it retains its original long entry drive. It served for a time in the 20th century as a nursing home, and now houses the town&#39;s senior center.</p><br>
<p>Messini  is a municipal unit  and seat  of the municipality  of Messini within the regional unit  of Messenia in the region  of Peloponnese, one of 13 regions into which Greece has been divided. Before 2011 the same hierarchy prevailed, according to Law 2539 of 1997, the Kapodistrias Plan, except that Messenia was a nomos and the Municipal unit was a locality . The dimos existed under both laws, but not with the same constituents.</p><br>
<p>Messini (modern pronunciation) is not to be confused with its ancient namesake, Messene, located 15 km to the north in the shadow of Mount Ithome. Ancient Messene is an equally large but abandoned site of ruins partially occupied by the small village of Mavrommati (not to be confused with Mavrommati Pamisou, or just Pamisou, on the north of the modern city). Messini did not gradually become nor was it created by population transfer from Ancient Messene. Formerly Nisi (Νησί), it underwent a name change to Messini in 1867.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The modern town has some 10,000 inhabitants. It is the second largest municipality of Messinia. The town centre is 3 km from the Messinian Gulf coast, near the right bank of the river Pamisos. The major city of Messenia, Kalamata, is 10 km to the east. The town is accessed by Greek National Road 82 (Pylos - Kalamata - Sparta). The Kalamata International Airport is two kilometers to the east. Since 1892, Messini had a railway station on a branch line from the Corinth–Kalamata railway. It was closed in 1976, reopened in 2007, and again closed in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Before the reorganization, the municipality of Messini contained 14 local divisions (topika diamerismata) for a total population of 11041. Since 2010 Messini has still been a municipality, one of the six of Messenia. However, it has absorbed seven other former municipalities. These, and the former municipality of Messini, have become municipal units (dimotikes enotites) of the municipality Messini, with a total population of 23,482 (2011 census). These are as follows:</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 562.062 km, the municipal unit 84.602 km. The municipal unit of Messini contains the same subdivisions and populations as did the previous municipality of Messini but the subdivisions are now local communities. These are as follows:</p><br>
<p>In summary, Messini is a town, a municipal unit and a municipality.</p><br>
<h3>Province</h3><br>
<p>The province of Messini (Επαρχία Μεσσήνης) was one of the provinces of the Messenia Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Messini (except the municipal units Aipeia, Petalidi and Voufrades) and the municipal units Andania, Meligalas and Oichalia. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Messini began its communal existence as Nisi, a settlement placed on an island (nēsos, from which Nisi) in the extensive marshland at the mouth of the Pamisos River. It was placed in Frankish territory, the Principality of Achaia, dated 1205-1432, consisting of 40 villages in Messenia and Elis. The ethnic content of the population in the vicinity at that time was Greeks and Christianized, Hellenized Slavs, which is reflected in the names of the villages around Messini. After 1432, when the Byzantine Empire fell and was commandeered by the Ottoman Empire, some Turks entered the region. Except for the names, these distinctions have more or less disappeared in modern Greece.</p><br>
<p>The government of Greece changed the official name to Messini in 1867. Baedekers for the later 19th century and early 20th centuries referred to Nisi as "now officially Messini," a phrase that was widely used in travelogues of the period. The earliest Baedekers to do so is the German edition of 1888. Prior to 1887 Nisi is not treated as Messini. Subsequent references to the place often refer to Nisi as "the popular name".</p><br>
<h2>Recent population growth</h2><br>
<p>The populations of the town for the last few census&#39; are given below.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Ioannis Alevras (1912–1995), politician</p><br>
<p>Stephanos Linaios (1928-), actor</p><br>
<p>Ascension Island is an isolated volcanic island, 7°56&#39; South of the Equator in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is about 1,600 km from the coast of Africa and 2,250 km from the coast of Brazil, roughly midway between the horn of South America and Africa. It is governed as part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, of which the main island, Saint Helena, is around 1,300 km to the southeast. The Territory also includes the sparsely-populated Tristan da Cunha archipelago, some 3,730 km to the south, about halfway to the Antarctic Circle.</p><br>
<p>The island is named after the day of its recorded discovery, Ascension Day. It played a role as an important safe haven and coaling station to mariners and for commercial airliners during the days of international air travel by flying boats. During World War II it was an important naval and air station, especially providing antisubmarine warfare bases in the Battle of the Atlantic. Ascension Island was garrisoned by the British Admiralty from 22 October 1815 to 1922.</p><br>
<p>The island is the location of RAF Ascension Island, which is a Royal Air Force station, a European Space Agency rocket tracking station, an Anglo-American signals intelligence facility and the BBC World Service Atlantic Relay Station. The island was used extensively as a staging point by the British military during the Falklands War. Ascension Island hosts one of four ground antennas (others are on Kwajalein Island, Diego Garcia, and Cape Canaveral) that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigational system. NASA operates a Meter Class Autonomous Telescope (MCAT) on Ascension Island for tracking orbital debris, which is potentially hazardous to operating spacecraft and astronauts, at a facility called the John Africano NASA/AFRL Orbital Debris Observatory.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1501, the Portuguese navigator Afonso de Albuquerque sighted the island on Ascension Day (which fell on 21 May that year) and named it Ilha da Ascensão after this feast day.</p><br>
<p>Dry and barren, the island had little appeal for passing ships except for collecting fresh meat, and was not claimed for the Portuguese Crown. Mariners could hunt for the numerous seabirds and the enormous female green turtles that laid their eggs on the sandy beaches. The Portuguese also introduced goats as a potential source of meat for future mariners.</p><br>
<p>In February 1701, HMS Roebuck, commanded by William Dampier, sank in the common anchoring spot in Clarence Bay to the northwest of the island. Sixty men survived for two months until they were rescued. Almost certainly, after a few days they found the strong water spring in the high interior of the island, in what is now called Breakneck Valley (there is a much smaller water source, lower on the mountain, which was named Dampier&#39;s Drip by people who probably misinterpreted Dampier&#39;s story).</p><br>
<p>It is possible that the island was sometimes used as an open prison for criminal mariners, although there is only one documented case of such an exile, a Dutch ship&#39;s officer, Leendert Hasenbosch, set ashore at Clarence Bay as a punishment for sodomy in May 1725. British mariners found the Dutchman&#39;s tent, belongings and diary in January 1726; the man&#39;s remains were not found. His diary was published in translation in London later that same year, under the title Sodomy Punish&#39;d; it can nowadays be read online.</p><br>
<p>Organised settlement of Ascension Island began in 1815, when the British garrisoned it as a precaution after imprisoning Napoleon I on Saint Helena to the southeast. On 22 October the Cruizer class brig-sloops Zenobia and Peruvian claimed the island for His Britannic Majesty King George III. The Royal Navy designated the island as a stone frigate, HMS Ascension, with the classification of "Sloop of War of the smaller class".</p><br>
<p>The location of the island made it a useful stopping-point for ships and communications. The Royal Navy used the island as a victualling station for ships, particularly those of the West Africa Squadron working against the slave trade. A garrison of Royal Marines was based at Ascension from 1823.</p><br>
<p>In 1836 the Beagle voyage visited Ascension. Charles Darwin described it as an arid treeless island, with nothing growing near the coast. Sparse vegetation inland supported "about six hundred sheep, many goats, a few cows & horses", large numbers of guineafowl imported from the Cape Verde islands, rats, mice, and land crabs; he agreed with the saying attributed to the people of St Helena that "We know we live on a rock, but the poor people at Ascension live on a cinder". He noted the care taken to sustain "houses, gardens & fields placed near the summit of the central mountain", and cisterns at roadsides to provide drinking water. The springs were carefully managed, "so that a single drop of water may not be lost: indeed the whole island may be compared to a huge ship kept in first-rate order." In commenting on this, he noted René Primevère Lesson&#39;s remark "that the English nation alone would have thought of making the island of Ascension a productive spot; any other people would have held it as a mere fortress in the ocean."</p><br>
<p>In 1843, botanist and explorer Joseph Hooker visited the island. Four years later, Hooker, with much encouragement from Darwin, advised the Royal Navy that with the help of Kew Gardens, they should institute a long-term plan of shipping trees to Ascension. The planted trees would capture more rain and improve the soil, allowing the barren island to become a garden. So, from 1850 and continuing year on year, ships came with an assortment of plants from botanical gardens in Argentina, Europe and South Africa. By the late 1870s Norfolk pines, eucalyptus, bamboo, and banana trees grew in profusion at the highest point of the island, Green Mountain, creating a tropical cloud forest.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, the Eastern Telegraph Company installed the first underwater cable from the island, connecting the UK with its colonies in South Africa. In 1922, letters patent made Ascension a dependency of Saint Helena. The island was managed by the head of the Eastern Telegraph Company on the island until 1964 when the British Government appointed an Administrator to represent the Governor of Saint Helena on Ascension.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, to supply and augment extensive amphibious aircraft antisubmarine patrol operations ongoing from the early days of the war, the United States built an airbase on Ascension Island, known as "Wideawake", after a nearby colony of sooty terns (locally called &#39;wideawake&#39; birds because of their loud, distinctive constant (day-and-night) cawing chatter. The airbase, which was under construction by the 38th Combat Engineer Battalion of the Army Corps of Engineers, was unexpectedly visited by two British Fairey Swordfish torpedo planes on 15 June 1942. According to one of the pilots, Peter Jinks, the planes were fired upon before being recognised as allies. The Swordfish had to land on the unfinished airstrip, thus becoming the first aircraft to land on Ascension Island proper — which had long served as an ASW base for Catalina (PBY Catalina) flying boats. The event was commemorated with a postage stamp 15 June 1982.</p><br>
<p>The airfield was used by the US military as a stopping point for American aircraft crossing the Atlantic Ocean on the way to theatres of operation in Europe and Africa. American bombers based at Wideawake were engaged in the Laconia incident. After the end of World War II, and American departure, the airbase fell into disuse.</p><br>
<p>With the Space Race and the Cold War, the Americans returned in 1956. Wideawake Airfield expanded in the mid-1960s. The runway, with its strange hump, was extended, widened, and improved to allow its use by large aircraft, and later to act as an emergency runway for the Space Shuttle, although the Shuttle never had to use it. At the time, it was the world&#39;s longest airport runway. The United States Air Force used the island as part of its Eastern Range. NASA established a tracking station on the island in 1967, which it operated for more than 20 years before closing it down in 1990. A joint Government Communications Headquarters and National Security Agency signals intercept station was also established on Ascension during the Cold War. The island retains a role in space exploration: the European Space Agency now operates an Ariane monitoring facility there. The BBC Atlantic Relay Station was installed in 1966 for short-wave broadcasts to Africa and South America.</p><br>
<p>In 1982 the British task force used Ascension Island as a staging post during the Falklands War. The Royal Air Force deployed a fleet of Vulcan bombers and Victor tankers at the airfield. Vulcans launched the opening shots of the British offensive from Ascension in Operation Black Buck. The RAF also used the base to supply the task force. Because of the increase in air traffic during the war, Wideawake, with up to 400 movements of all types each day, was one of the busiest airfields in the world for a short period. The Royal Navy&#39;s fleet stopped at Ascension for refuelling on the way. Following the war, the British retained an increased presence on the island, establishing RAF Ascension Island, and providing a refuelling stop for the regular airlink between RAF Brize Norton in Oxfordshire, and RAF Mount Pleasant in the Falkland Islands.</p><br>
<p>, it was reported that the Composite Signals Organisation, an arm of GCHQ, continued to operate a signals interception facility at Cat Hill on Ascension. NASA continued to list Ascension Island as a "downrange site" used for range safety instrumentation. In particular, the Post-Detect Telemetry System used to acquire launch vehicle telemetry includes a station on Ascension.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 British diplomats at the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (UN CLCS), requested sovereignty over 77,220 square miles of submarine territory around the island. This would enable exploration into new reserves of oil, gas and minerals, though none are thought to exist.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the United States Department of Energy started operating a mobile climate research facility on the island. It is operated by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility (ARM) near the South East Crater, south of the Green Mountain summit. The field campaign requires the mobile facility to be operational for about 17 months, until October 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The main island has an area of approximately 88 km². A volcanic peak rising from only 100 km west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, much of the island is a wasteland of lava flows and cinder cones; no fewer than forty-four distinct dormant craters have been identified.</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>Ascension is a geologically young formation, the tip of an undersea volcano which rose above the waves only a million years ago. It is associated both with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge plate boundary 80 km to the west and with a hotspot 25–300 km to the south east. Its last eruption may have occurred in the sixteenth century. Due to its short above-water history, its soil consists mostly of clinker.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>Ascension has a hot desert climate (BWh, according to the Köppen climate classification). The temperatures at the coast average from 22.7 to 27.8 C</p><br>
<p>, and about 5 to 6 °C (9 to 11 °F) cooler at the highest point. Rain showers may occur at any time during the year, but tend to be heavier between June and September. Although the Island is located in the tropical zone, average annual rainfall is very low. The cause of this might be the relatively low temperature of the ocean water, as the Benguela Current and South Equatorial Current flow northward west of Africa. These currents bring cooling effects around the eastern South Atlantic Ocean. Tropical cyclones also occur only rarely in the South Atlantic Ocean which might be caused by the same phenomenon, and by strong vertical wind shear.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>By 1843 the island was barren with few plants. However, due to the introduction of species by the British, Ascension Island&#39;s Green Mountain is now one of the few large-scale planned forests, and is gradually growing with each year. Its highest point is at 859 m. Non-indigenous plants teem there, and the crown of Green Mountain is a lush halo of bamboo. Flanking one side is a large stand of tall Norfolk pine, trees planted by British mariners, which were to have been used as replacement masts for sailing ships. In June 2005 the first National Park on Ascension Island, the Green Mountain National Park, was opened.</p><br>
<p>Prosopis juliflora, a type of mesquite known as Mexican thorn, was introduced by BBC engineers to bind the dry top soil when they arrived in 1966 to construct a shortwave relay station. It has thrived on the barren lava of the island - an estimated 38,000 bushes existed by 2016. Its spread has been destructive to other species, and current encroachment on the edges of beaches threatens those that use this space, such as the green turtle. Its hardy taproots can extend to 30 meters deep. Local authorities are considering means of controlling or eradicating it.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>A variety of mammals have been introduced: donkeys, sheep, cats and rats among others. Reptiles consist of two species of lizards. Endemic insect species include the minute, wingless Psocopteran Troglotroctes ashmolearum, that has been found in caves and between lava blocks. In summer, flies are known to be a problem.The largest native land animal is the land crab Johngarthia lagostoma (formerly Gecarcinus lagostoma). Offshore, there is a variety of open-ocean fish, including sharks, wahoo, tuna, bonito, barracuda, marlin, blackfish and sailfish. The protected green turtle is perhaps the most notable of the endemic fauna, coming ashore to lay their eggs on the beaches from November to May. Turtles were regularly harvested until 1930, when the practice was banned. By 1970 the turtle population had begun to rebound. From the 1970s, when records began, to 2014, green turtle nesting increased by 500 percent, resulting in some 24,000 nests being laid on the Island&#39;s main beaches each year.</p><br>
<p>On land are found such non-native birds such as canaries, francolins, mynas, sparrows, and waxbills. Sooty terns or "wideawake birds" nest in great seashore lava "fairs". Other seabirds include some types of boobies, petrels and tropicbirds (named boatswain (pronounced BO-sun) birds by the inhabitants of the island), white tern, brown noddy, black noddy and Ascension frigatebird. The Ascension crake became extinct around the beginning of the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Off the east coast of Ascension is the islet of Boatswain Bird Island. It is a haven for sea birds providing refuge from the rats, cats and people that came to Ascension Island from Europe and Africa. Following a successful campaign headed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, the main island was in 2006 declared free of feral cats, and sea birds are now once again nesting on Ascension Island.</p><br>
<h3>Important Bird Area</h3><br>
<p>Ascension Island, including fourteen inshore stacks and marine habitat extending out for three nautical miles from the coastline, has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International as a breeding site for seabirds. Birds for which the IBA is significant include red-billed tropicbirds, Ascension frigatebirds (an endemic breeder), sooty terns and black noddies. The island was formerly home to the endemic Ascension crake, but the species has been extinct since the early nineteenth century.</p><br>
<h3>Marine reserve</h3><br>
<p>In January 2016 the UK Government announced that an area around Ascension Island was to become a huge marine reserve, to protect its varied and unique ecosystem, including some of the largest marlin in the world, large populations of green turtle, and the island&#39;s own species of frigate bird. With an area of 234,291 km&sup2;, slightly more than half of the reserve will be closed to fishing while the remainder will be policed thanks to a grant from the Louis Bacon Foundation. The reserve should be ready for formal designation by 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Politics</h2><br>
<p>Ascension forms part of a British overseas territory together with Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha. Executive authority is vested in Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. As the Governor resides in Jamestown, Saint Helena, an Administrator is appointed to represent the Governor on Ascension Island.</p><br>
<p>As a result of changes in the constitutional arrangements for Ascension Island, the first Island Council of seven members was elected, and took office on 1 November 2002. This Council was dissolved by order of the Governor of Saint Helena on 24 October 2005, and a new election was held on 16 November 2005. 697 electors chose among ten candidates contesting the seven seats.</p><br>
<p>Six of the seven members resigned in January 2007 in the belief that they were "assisting to legitimise a democracy that doesn&#39;t really exist on Ascension Island". The preceding quote and its citation does not exist, at least not at October 2017, but the following citation of the councillors suggests the issue was over taxation/representation & it was 5 of 6 who resigned, and that it was not a boycott. The counter-argument being in essence that as the island has no indigenous population whatsoever, therefore it is an unusual political position. Consequently, a general election was called, but by the close of nominations, there were only two candidates. The election was abandoned, and the governor suspended the Island Council for 12 months. It was stated that an election would take place in April 2008 but following consultations this was extended to October. With eight nominations the elections were duly held and seven candidates were elected to form a new Island Council, which was sworn in on 28 October 2008http://www.the-islander.org.ac/art_5987_22_370_1.html</p><br>
<p>http://www.the-islander.org.ac/art_5867_22_377_1.html</p><br>
<p>Ascension Island has its own local system of law, much of which is based on the laws of Saint Helena and some parts of English law with modifications. The Island Council advises on new or revised laws. Where local legislation does not exist, Saint Helena law may be used where appropriate and suitable for local adaptation, or specific Ascension Island law is enacted. Employment legislation is a mixture of contract law and the Workmen&#39;s Protection Ordinance, which guarantees a contract, and obliges employers to provide free accommodation, medical cover, food (or a food allowance), and travel.</p><br>
<p>The Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009 was made by HM the Queen and the Privy Council on 8 July and came into operation in September 2009. The new constitution replaced the 1988 version and among other changes limited the Governor&#39;s powers, included a Bill of Rights, established independence of the judiciary and the public service, and designated the Governor of St Helena as, concurrently, the Governor for Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. It ended the "dependency" status of Ascension and Tristan da Cunha on Saint Helena that had been in place, for administrative convenience, since 1922.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>In the February 2016 census, 806 people were recorded living on Ascension Island, 556 from Saint Helena (nicknamed the "Saints") and 250 people of other nationalities. RAF Ascension Island is made up of 17 staff.</p><br>
<p>There has never been an indigenous population on the island.</p><br>
<p>There are five settlements:</p><br>
<p>* Georgetown (the main civilian settlement and capital of the island)</p><br>
<p>*Two Boats (a civilian village, with its school)</p><br>
<p>*Cat Hill (the United States&#39; main base on the island)</p><br>
<p>*Traveller&#39;s Hill (Royal Air Force base)</p><br>
<p>*Wideawake Airfield (with the Royal Air Force station).</p><br>
<p>Additionally, there are some cottages on Green Mountain, occasionally occupied by visitors, and the Residency, the official residence of the Administrator.</p><br>
<p>To enter Ascension Island, individuals need the Administrator&#39;s written permission. There is no permanent residence. A contract of employment is a requirement to stay on the island, though short term visits by tourists are possible with prior approval. The British government has confirmed that there is no "right of abode" on Ascension Island. As the local newspaper The Islander reported at the time, it was raised by some former Council members and 4 expatriate employees that whilst it was agreed there was no right of abode, the authorities had previously indicated it would consider changing the law to allow right rights of abode and property purchase, but decided not to do so.</p><br>
<h3>Society and culture</h3><br>
<p>There are Scouting and Guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Ascension Island in November 1973, having been established on St Helena island in 1912.</p><br>
<p>Two Boats School is the only school on the island and provides education to all resident children aged 3–16.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The main economic activity on the island is centred on the military bases at Wideawake Airfield, and the BBC World Service&#39;s Atlantic Relay station. The Ministry of Defence estate and facilities are managed by the infrastructure support provider Interserve Defence. Serco runs the airport services and Sodexo provides catering and domestic facilities. A former feature of Ascension was a 70,000 tonne tanker permanently moored offshore that was operated by Maersk as a bulk fuel facility. In December 2002, this was replaced by an on-shore Petroleum Supply Depot under military management, with fuel still being delivered by a chartered tanker, the Maersk Rapier, which operates on an MOD resupply contract for both Ascension and the Falkland Islands every two months. Fuel for the island is transferred via a floating hose, which is connected to the on-shore depot at the island&#39;s pier head and to the ship at anchor.</p><br>
<p>The main export items are Ascension Island postage stamps, first issued in 1922, and, since 2010, commemorative coins (which are legal tender but non-circulating) and commercial fishing licences for long-line tuna fishing vessels operating to ICCAT quotas.</p><br>
<p>A secondary export is the international internet domain code .ac, which small UK educational colleges and science museums are favouring due to its similarity to .ac.uk, the domain code reserved for well-established UK educational institutions. In December 2013, Pirate Bay (one of the most well-known file piracy websites in the world) moved to .ac following the seizure of their .sx website.</p><br>
<h3>Tourism and related industries</h3><br>
<p>Until 2002, tourism was virtually non-existent because of the inaccessibility of the island to transport, the absence of guest accommodation and the need for a sponsor. Limited air travel has, however, been made available in recent years to the public by the RAF, and the Georgetown Obsidian Hotel and a number of guest cottages have been opened. All visitors are required to obtain an entry permit before travelling. Sport fishing is the main attraction for many of the visitors. The island also boasts what is sometimes called the worst golf course in the world.</p><br>
<h3>Communications</h3><br>
<p>The island hosts many communications and relay stations, exploiting its mid-Atlantic position. Both the BBC and Cable & Wireless Worldwide (owned by Vodafone since 2012) have communications posts there. The European Space Agency (ESA) also has a tracking station on the island that tracks the Ariane 5 and the Soyuz rockets shortly after their launch from Kourou in French Guiana.</p><br>
<p>Ascension has one local radio station and one relayed from St. Helena. It also receives broadcasts from the British Forces Broadcasting Service and television services for the US military.</p><br>
<p>Ascension Island has the international calling code +247 and, from 1 June 2015 has 5 digit numbers (the old 4-digit number prefixed by the digit “6”).</p><br>
<p>The island provided a base for a NASA communications dish during the space race in the mid-twentieth century. The island was chosen due to its central location in the Atlantic. Sites were chosen due to their proximity to orbital paths – generally along the Equator.</p><br>
<h3>Banking and currency</h3><br>
<p>The Bank of St. Helena has a branch on the island; it holds an account with the UK&#39;s Lloyds Bank for the purposes of conducting money transfers with the rest of the world. The currency on Ascension Island is the Saint Helena pound. Tristan da Cunha however uses the pound sterling rather than the Saint Helena pound. The coins of the Saint Helena pound specify that they are for use on both Saint Helena and Ascension Island, but with no mention of Tristan da Cunha. For more information on currency in the wider region, see Pound sterling in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>In 2003 the British and US governments signed the Wideawake agreement designed to allow a limited number of non-scheduled civilian aircraft to land on Ascension Island, under responsibility of the British government.</p><br>
<p>Poor runway conditions at RAF Ascension Island led in April 2017 to the cancellation of twice-weekly flights from there to the UK (RAF Brize Norton) and to the Falkland Islands (RAF Mount Pleasant).</p><br>
<p>An Airbus A330 aircraft operated by AirTanker Services on behalf of the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) carried out those flights, called the South Atlantic Air Bridge, although a limited number of commercial passenger tickets were available. Those flights now travel via Cape Verde.</p><br>
<p>The RMS St. Helena ship is for now the only available option for civilians to travel to and from the island. The vessel calls approximately once a month and links the island with St Helena and Cape Town.</p><br>
<p>While A330s are for now unable to land at the airport, the United States military continues to maintain a weekly flight between the island and Patrick Air Force Base in Florida for the use of its personnel only, while the (MV Ascension) supply ship regularly services US facilities.</p><br>
<p>A C17 for the UK&#39;s MoD lands there at Ascension once a month for its own personnel.</p><br>
<p>There is no taxi service on the island and most visitors requiring transport hire a car. There are around 40 km of roads on the island, all hard-surfaced. Some of the surfacing used surplus tarmac from construction of the airstrip. Traffic drives on the left.</p><br>
<p>La Sola Island  is a small island in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. The island is a part of the Dependencias Federales  of Venezuela.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>La Sola Island is located about 370 km northeast of Caracas, about 20 km northeast of Islas Los Frailes and about 55 km southeast of Islas Los Testigos. The coordinates are 11&deg;18&prime;21.2&Prime;N latitude, 63&deg;34&prime;20.2&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>The uninhabited island has an area of barely 500 square meters, with the highest point reaching 8.5 meters (28 feet).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1938, the island was put under the administration of the Ministerio del Interior y de Justicia (Ministry of Interior and Justice) () as part of the Dependencias Federales.</p><br>
<p>On August 9, 1972, the island, together with the other islands of the Dependencias Federales, were declared a national park () with the park being established on August 18.</p><br>
<p>Patos Island  is a small uninhabited island in the northwestern Gulf of Paria. The island is a part of the Dependencias Federales  of Venezuela.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Patos Island is located about 540 km northeast of Caracas in the Golfo de Paria (Gulf of Paria). The coordinates are 10&deg;38&prime;18&Prime;N latitude, 61&deg;51&prime;50&Prime;W longitude. It lies in the Boca Grande strait of the Bocas del Dragón (Dragon&#39;s Mouth), approximately 4 km off the Paria Peninsula of mainland Venezuela and about 10 km west-south-west of Chacachacare, which is part of Trinidad and Tobago.</p><br>
<p>The uninhabited island has an area of only 0.65 square km (0,25 square miles) with a length of 1.1 km and 6 km wide with the highest point reaching about 100 meters (328 feet).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Patos Island was part of the former British colony Trinidad and Tobago.</p><br>
<p>On 26 February 1942 the island became part of Venezuela in exchange for Soldado Rock to Trinidad and Tobago and was put under the administration of the Ministerio del Interior y de Justicia (Ministry of Interior and Justice) as part of the Dependencias Federales.</p><br>
<p>On 9 August 1972 the island, together with the other islands of the Dependencias Federales, were declared a national park (Archipiélago Los Roques National Park) with the park being established on 18 August.</p><br>
<p>Roberts Hall was a building on the Ag Quad of Cornell University, and is the second building of that name. The original Roberts Hall was built in 1906, and was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The 1906-built Roberts Hall was demolished before the construction of the new building and Kennedy Hall. The current building holds many of the administrative offices of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and Cornell&#39;s landscape architecture program. Both buildings were named for Isaac Phillip Roberts, director of the College of Agriculture from 1874-1903.</p><br>
<p>The 1906 building is still listed on the National Register, apparently erroneously as the building is no longer there. East Roberts Hall and Stone Hall are two other former Cornell University buildings that were and are similarly listed.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, Franzen and Associates, the architectural firm that was designing Cornell&#39;s statutory college buildings at that time, conducted a study indicating that Roberts, East Roberts, Stone, Caldwell and Comstock Halls were unsafe and should be condemned. Franzen concluded that it would cost $14 million to renovate the five buildings and that it would be cheaper to tear them down and replace them with new buildings, presumably designed by Franzen. (Ironically, as of 2010, Caldwell and Comstock Halls are still in use, but another Franzen-designed building, the north wing of Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, had to be demolished as structurally unsound.) By 1978, the cost of demolishing the five buildings and building two replacements had escalated to $18 million. In response, two groups, Historic Ithaca and a student-group called the "Ag Quad Preservation Society" applied to list the five buildings on the National Register and sought to protect them under a newly enacted Ithaca historic preservation ordinance. Just before Historic Ithaca could gain a court injunction to stop the demolition of Roberts, East Roberts and Stone Halls, Cornell began the demolition. The State of New York renovated Caldwell and sold Comstock back to Cornell for use as a computer center.</p><br>
<h2>Kennedy-Roberts Complex</h2><br>
<p>Kennedy Hall and the ″new″ Roberts Hall are one large complex, joined together with access between each through the ground floor and the fourth floor. On the first floor of Kennedy Hall is the David L. Call Alumni Auditorium, also known as 116 Kennedy Hall. The Call Auditorium jets out from Kennedy Hall to the east. Outside, to the north of the auditorium, is a small plaza, complete with seating and an area of shrubs and trees in a large planting bed directly abutting the building. The planting was designed and executed in the spring of 2011 by students in a cross-listed landscape architecture (LA) and horticulture (HORT) class as part of their curriculum. The class, LA/HORT 4910/20 — Creating the Urban Eden: Woody Plant Selection, Design, and Landscape Establishment, was co-taught by Peter J. Trowbridge and Nina Bassuk.</p><br>
<p>Stone Hall was a building on the campus of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, named after John Lemuel Stone, a CALS professor of farm practice during the early 1900s. It no longer exists.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It is still listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>It is listed erroneously as the building is no longer there.</p><br>
<p>East Robert Hall and Roberts Hall are two other former Cornell University buildings that were and are similarly listed.</p><br>
<p>The building that is currently located here is also named Roberts Hall. It houses the offices of the Dean of CALS, the NYS Experiment Station Director, and the Director of Cornell Cooperative Extension. It is linked by a breezeway to Kennedy Hall on the South. From the aerial view shown here, the two buildings appear as one.</p><br>
<p>The Armco-Ferro House, in Beverly Shores, Indiana, was originally constructed for the 1933 Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago. “The... Exposition opened in May of 1933 directed by the theme of science and its role in industrial advancement. Within the Home and Industrial Arts Group were model houses, which featured modern materials, building methods and innovative home appliances, including the Armco-Ferro-Mayflower, Wieboldt-Rostone and Florida Tropical houses, and the House of Tomorrow. All utilized new techniques of design, construction and prefabrication in an attempt to bring the out-of-date housing industry in line with more efficient manufacturing practices such as those used by the auto industry.” The Home and Industrial Arts Group was the most successful venue of the Exposition.</p><br>
<p>The Armco-Ferro House was designed by Robert Smith, Jr., of Cleveland, Ohio. It is the only remaining example from the exposition that met the Fair Committee’s design criteria; a house that could be mass-produced and was affordable for an American family of modest means.</p><br>
<p>From research completed by the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS): The Ferro Enamel Corporation, one of the two major sponsors for the... house, was formed in 1930 by a merger between the Ferro Enameling Company and the Ferro Enamel and Supply Co. The idea of using porcelain enamel for residential construction was introduced by Bob Weaver, president of the newly formed company. Shortly after the merger, Charles Bacon Rowley, architect, designed a four-person house with Ferro-Enamel shingles that the company erected in Cleveland, Ohio, in July 1932.31 Despite the innovative use of ferroenamel as a cladding material, the house was built using conventional wood construction. The first porcelain-enameled frameless steel house was completed... in South Euclid, Ohio... Like the Armco-Ferro house, this house was designed by Robert Smith, Jr., and was built by Insulated Steel Corporation;..</p><br>
<p>In 1932, the American Rolling Mill Company (Armco)... built a second porcelainenameled frameless steel house... using Robert Smith, Jr. as architect. The Ferro Enamel Corporation and the Insulated Steel Construction Company collaborated with Armco, thus setting the stage for the partnership that made the Century of Progress home possible.</p><br>
<h2>Spatial Organizations</h2><br>
<h3>External</h3><br>
<p>This seemingly frameless house boasts a revolutionary construction system: corrugated steel panels that are bolted together. This system resembles a typical cardboard box. The corrugated panels are clad with porcelain-enameled steel panels produced by the Ferro Enamel Corporation. This construction system later provided the inspiration for the post World War II prefabricated housing developed by the Lustron Corporation.</p><br>
<h3>Internal</h3><br>
<p>Armco-Ferro House is based on a traditional four-square. There are four rooms on the first floor and four rooms on the second. The four-square allows for cross ventilation in all weather and all seasons. The original garage was open for the 1933 fair season and enclosed for the 1934 fair season, becoming a study. A porch was added the second year</p><br>
<p>The living room of the Armco-Ferro House as it was decorated for the 1934 fair season. The furnishings for this season were very traditional – the spaces were not cluttered with too many pieces as in 1933.</p><br>
<p>The dining room of the Armco-Ferro House as it was decorated for the 1934 fair season. The furnishings were very traditional, as was the use of a wood wainscot detail. Note however that the lighting did not change from that used in 1933.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen of the Armco-Ferro House as it was decorated for the 1934 fair season; looking toward the laundry room. The only changes that can be discerned from the 1933 season are the use of a Masonite “tile” wainscot, the “picture frame” pattern in the linoleum, and the cabinet/appliance layout.</p><br>
<p>The dining room of the Armco-Ferro House as it was originally decorated for the 1933 fair season. The decorators thought “outside the box” when designing this room. Rather than using it solely as the dining space they created two use areas. The dining table was set on an outside wall under a window, and in the opposite corner they placed a card table for recreational purposes.</p><br>
<p>The boy’s room of the Armco-Ferro House as it was originally decorated for the 1933 fair season. The furnishings for this season were very modern with rectilinear lines and details. Two unusual pieces of furniture for the time period included the hanging bunk bed, and the bookcase, which doubled as the stair for the bed.</p><br>
<p>The house is a contributing property to the Century of Progress Architectural District.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration efforts</h2><br>
<p>Restoration efforts on the Armco-Ferro House were started in 1997, with the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and the Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana searching for potential leasees to restore the building.</p><br>
<p>As of October 2011, the restoration of the home is near completion. The home is open one day annually in the fall for tours, along with the other Century of Progress homes nearby (all except one having been restored or restoration in-progress).</p><br>
<p>The Armour & Jacobson Building is a commercial building located in Kingman, Arizona. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Armour & Jacobson Building is located at 426 to 430 Beale Street in Kingman, Arizona. The building was built in 1921 in the Early Commercial style. The building was built by Gruninger & Son. Mr. Gruninger for E. E. Armour, a baker and Robert Jacobson, a mining engineer. The building would house a bakery and an assay office. Mr. Jacobson came to Kingman in 1916, as he was consulting for several Mohave County mining companies. The W. A. Gruninger Building and Armour & Jacobson Building are right together on the same block of the street. The Armour & Jacobson Building also was an investment property, the first floor had store fronts and the second floor had office for the downtown area of Kingman. The building was added the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The house at 809 Grand View Avenue is a Mission/Spanish Revival style house located in Kingman, Arizona. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house on 809 Grand View Avenue in Kingman, Arizona was built around 1923 in the Mission/Spanish Revival style. John Osterman was the architect. He was a local contractor. The house is built in the new Metcalfe Addition of downtown Kingman, an early suburban area of Kingman. This represents the shift in home building in a new area of Kingman and expansion of the town. 809 Grand view is one of three homes at the time of Mission/Spanish Revival. The home has a square corner tower and recessed central entry. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Mohave Union High School Gymnasium is the original gymnasium of Mohave County Union High School, now the site of Lee Williams High School, at 301 First Street in Kingman, Arizona. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its lamella roof, which gives the building "exceptional merit".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The gym was built in 1936, in the Moderne design, by the Works Progress Administration, and is one of three Moderne buildings in Kingman. P. W. Womack was the contractor from Phoenix and J. Harve Kester was the WPA inspector. It cost $50,000 to build.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1994, after the high school moved onto a new campus, the gym became the home of the Boys and Girls Club of Kingman and was also used by the new middle school using the high school site, White Cliffs Middle School.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the gymnasium regained a high school when the new Lee Williams High School opened. A new auxiliary gymnasium has since been built alongside the old one.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The gymnasium measures 200x90 feet. It is made of concrete brick with a concrete foundation and stucco walls. Later additions to the site included replaced entry windows and doors and an addition to the rear.</p><br>
<p>There are two architectural oddities about the gymnasium. It uses buttresses, the only structure in Kingman to do so, and also has Kingman&#39;s only lamella roof, which is described as "an unusual method of construction in Arizona". Only one other gymnasium in the state used a lamella roof, the gymnasium at Phoenix Union High School, built circa 1940 and demolished in the late 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The building additionally has Art Deco-style detailing. It is one of three Moderne style buildings in Kingman.</p><br>
<p>The House at 105 Spring Street is a Bungalow/Craftsman style house located in Kingman, Arizona. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house at 105 Spring Street in Kingman, Arizona, was built around 1911 by Mary Eleanor Cohenour, former wife of Jacob Neff Cohenour, Mohave County Sheriff and Postmaster during the 1880s. Mrs. Cohenour developed the Pleasant View addition to downtown Kingman, building her own home at the base point of the development in 1911. The home is in the Bungalow/Craftsman design. Mrs. Cohenour is also noted for having been the first woman to pilot her own automobile from Kingman to Signal, Arizona in 1928. (She was a very successful businesswoman, as well. The house has 4/1 lite double hung wood frame windows, porch columns and foundation done in native stone, lintels and sills in concrete. The house was added to the National Register of Historical Places in 1986. The house is also registered with the Arizona State Historic Buildings registry. The house shown in the Wikipedia image is NOT the house, obviously, since it clearly states the address as 105 Oak Street. As the current owners of 105 Spring, I can attest that it looks nothing like our house.</p><br>
<p>The Miami County Courthouse is an historic building in Troy, Ohio, United States. Built in 1885, it was designed by noted Ohio  architect, Joseph W. Yost, who also designed the similar Belmont County Courthouse built at the same time in St. Clairsville. It has high arched windows, Corinthian columns supporting the outthrust corners and main entrance. A flight of stairs runs to the main entrance. The central pediment rests on an arch supported by Corinthian columns. The corners of the building thrust out and support a pediment, on top of each rests a tower crowned with an urn. A central tower rises from the middle of the building supporting the clock tower and dome, a statue of justice stand at the very top.</p><br>
<p>On May 30, 1975, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Miami County Courthouse and Power Station.</p><br>
<p>The Augustus Fanno Farmhouse was the home of Augustus Fanno, one of the first European American settlers in what became Washington County in the USA state of Oregon. Born in Maine in 1804, Fanno lived in Missouri as a young adult and in 1846 moved to Oregon with his first wife, Martha, and son. After Martha died in childbirth in Linn City in the Willamette Valley, Fanno and his son settled a 640 acre donation land claim 12 mi to the northwest on a small tributary of the Tualatin River. It was the first such claim to be filed in the county.</p><br>
<p>In 1851, Fanno married Rebecca Denney, and the first of their six children was born later that year. In 1859, he designed and built a rural home in the modified New England revival style popular in Oregon at the time. The family pioneered the cultivation of onions in Oregon, and by the 1890s these became regionally recognized for their high quality. Fanno descendants produced onions on the farm until onion maggots drove them out of business in the 1940s. Members of the family occupied the farmhouse until 1974, and in March 1982 they donated the house and adjacent land to the Tualatin Hills Park & Recreation District (THPRD).</p><br>
<p>Grimwith Reservoir is located in the Yorkshire Dales in North Yorkshire, England. It is accessed from the B6265 road 1.5 mi east of Hebden and 8 mi west of Pateley Bridge. With a surface area of 1.47 km&sup2; and holding 21,772,000 m&sup3; of water it is Yorkshire Water&#39;s largest reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The original reservoir was built in 1864 by the Bradford Corporation, the Local Authority for the city of Bradford, approximately 300 m above sea level in Wharfedale. Following an agreement made in 1970 the size of the reservoir was increased by seven times and the water level was raised by 20 m, with work starting in 1976 and being completed in 1983. The reservoir outlet is the site of a renewable energy project that saw the installation of a small turbine that generates 1400 MWh of electricity per annum.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is an important area for birds and is home to wildfowl such as Eurasian wigeon, teal, greylag geese and Canada geese. Other birds that can be seen at various times in the area include ringed plover, northern lapwing, common redshank, Eurasian curlew, reed bunting, lesser redpoll, whinchat and sedge warbler.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is a popular destination for leisure activities such as sailing, walking and visitors to Stump Cross Caverns. A 7.2 km wheelchair-accessible footpath / track circumnavigates the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The Oldfield River is an ephemeral river in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia that rises 95 km inland from the South Coast at the edge of the Yilgarn plateau. The river starts at 300 m above sea level then flows in a south easterly direction crossing the South Coast Highway near Munglinup.</p><br>
<p>The river gently undulates through sandstone forming gentle valleys with many granite outcrops, the river then carves deeper valleys through the siltstone before entering the coastal plain.</p><br>
<p>The river is then joined by its tributary, the Munglinup River, before flowing into the Oldfield estuary which discharges into the Southern Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The only other tributary of the Oldfield River is Coujinup Creek.</p><br>
<p>The river is regarded as saline with high nutrient levels, moderate sedimentation, moderate fringing vegetation and has a low flood risk.</p><br>
<p>Named as Oldfield river by the settler Michael Simon Dempster in a letter written in 1866, the river is thought to have been named after Augustus Frederick Oldfield a plant collector who was active around the south coast of Western Australia. The river was most likely named by Albert Young Hassell of Jerramungup who explored the area in 1861.</p><br>
<p>Henrys Knob is a mountain and Superfund Alternative Site in York County South Carolina at 1,120 ft above sea level. It is near the North Carolina border and the town of Clover, South Carolina. The mountain was the site of an open-pit kyanite mine, which was under operation from 1947 to 1970. At the time of its discovery, the deposit of kyanite on the mountain was the worlds largest United States Environmental Protection Agency  testing has determined that approximately 450 residences in the vicinity relying on well water are affected by groundwater contamination from the former mine. The mountain was stripped of approximately 100 ft due to the mining operations. Today, the site is overgrown, with many pits and waste ponds still evident. While some efforts have been made to repopulate the site with vegetation, little cleanup of the dangerous minerals  has been done.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Henrys Knob name derives from the Henry family, early settlers of York County who originally owned the mountain and surrounding land. In 1765 William Henry was granted 336 acre on the south side of the Little Mountain, as Henrys Knob was then called, and four years later he was granted another 100 acre. At this time northern York County was still part of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, and was not ceded to South Carolina until 1772.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century the portion of the original Henry estate including the mountain was inherited by a female Henry descendant and was eventually sold out of the family prior to the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>A company named Commercial Ores mined the Henry&#39;s Knob site during the 1950s and 60s. Combustion Engineering acquired Commercial Ores in 1965 and then sold it in 1971. The mountain has been transferred between several property owners since then. ABB acquired Combustion Engineering in 1990, long after mining ceased.</p><br>
<p>The EPA identified ABB as the "successor of interest" and a potentially responsible party. The agency asked ABB to conduct an investigation of the Henry&#39;s Knob site and surrounding area to identify pollution, including the nature and extent of acid mine drainage that has entered the environment as a result of previous mining activities. The investigation work plan is on file at the Clover Public Library, along with other documents pertaining to the site.</p><br>
<p>The Vallejo Estate is a historic house in Sonoma, California, one of the six sites that comprises the Sonoma State Historic Park. The estate was owned by General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, a Californio military leader and landowner. Vallejo began buying the acreage for the house after returning from the California constitutional convention in Monterey in 1849, and resided in the house from 1852 until his death in 1890. He named the house Lachryma Montis , a rough Latin translation of Chiucuyem&#39;  - the Native American name for the free-flowing spring on the property.</p><br>
<h2>Developing the Estate</h2><br>
<p>Vallejos home was built beside the spring and its pool in 1851-1852. The two-story, wood frame house was prefabricated, designed and built on the east coast of United States. It was shipped around Cape Horn on a sailing ship and then assembled at its present site. The design was Victorian Carpenter Gothic highlighted by a large Gothic window in the master bedroom, twin porches, dormer windows, and elaborate carved wooden trim along the eaves. Bricks were placed inside the walls of the house in order to keep it warm in winter and cool in summer. Insulation with adobe was a material which Vallejo felt had proven practical in California’s climate. The furnishings were eclectic, representing Vallejos Spanish and Mexican heritage, the China trade, and styles popular with Americans. Each room had its own white marble fireplace. Crystal chandeliers, lace curtains, and many other furnishings including the handsome, rosewood, concert-grand piano, were imported from Europe.</p><br>
<p>The estate included pavilions and other outbuildings, a large barn and houses for the working staff. The Cook House was a three room rectangular wooden building behind the main house. The cook lived in one room while the other two rooms were used for food preparation and cooking. El Delirio is a small wooden structure in the garden next to the main house It served as a retreat for the Vallejo family and guests. A special warehouse was erected in 1852, in another architectural style, in order to store wine, fruit, and other produce. The original timbers were cut and numbered in Europe and shipped to California. The bricks came around the Horn as ballast in sailing ships. Eventually the building was converted to residential use and became known as the "Swiss Chalet".</p><br>
<p>Grapevines were transplanted to the new site along with a wonderful assortment of fruit decorative trees and shrubs. The quarter-mile-long driveway lined with cottonwood trees and Castilian roses. A vine-covered arbor shaded a wide pathway around the pool into which the spring flowed, and a number of decorative fountains and delightful little outbuildings also graced the grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Living at the Estate</h2><br>
<p>Vallejo and family moved into Lachryma Montis in 1852. He and his wife lived there for more than 35 years. As Vallejo suffered one economic setback after another they were forced to live more and more quietly and unpretentiously. He eventually lost nearly all of his vast land holdings and was even forced to sell the vineyard and other "nonessential" acreage at the estate.</p><br>
<p>During the 1850s and 1860s Vallejo became a leader of California’s fledgling wine industry. He established more vineyards and became one of the first commercial winemakers in the region. In the 1870s, the vine louse Phylloxera devastated his vineyards as well as Vallejo’s hopes for wine production.</p><br>
<p>In 1873 he entered into an agreement with two partners to supply water to from the pond the citizens of Sonoma through redwood pipes. This secured some regular income. In 1881 he sold an easement to the Sonoma Valley Railroad bisecting his property.</p><br>
<h2>Later Years</h2><br>
<p>In 1933 the Vallejo home and some 20 acres of the original land was acquired by the State in order to protect and preserve this historic site and its collection of historic artifacts and documents. On June 29, 1972, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is also California Historical Landmark Number 4 and is part of the Sonoma State Historic Park.</p><br>
<p>Wine label Lachryma Montis Vineyard,Sonoma Red Wine 1858.jpgWine label, Lachryma Montis Vineyard, Sonoma Red Wine 1858. California Historical Society archives.</p><br>
